Murder of June (A Poem)

Sociology - The Comparative Method Essay Example for Free

Human science The Comparative Method Essay Sociologists have held onto what is referred to as the similar strategy as the most proficient approach to uncover underestimated certainties or laws that individuals have received. Be that as it may, what is this near strategy and how can it work? Are there any focal points/inconveniences to uncovering these bogus facts. What structures or varieties of the similar technique exist? In the pages to tail I will endeavor to give you some knowledge and comprehension of what the relative technique is, and how it works. The near strategy, basically, is the way toward contrasting two things (for our situation social orders, or the individuals that make up society) and checking whether the aftereffect of the examination shows a distinction between the two. The similar strategy endeavors to dereify (the way toward uncovering misconstrued standards. Standards that society think about regular and inescapable attributes of human presence) reified (the human made standards or realities) convictions. Clearly there are different manners by which a nomi (a named, at some point built, standard or truth) can be uncovered. Which type of the relative strategy would it be a good idea for one to utilize nonetheless? The appropriate response, whichever one applies to reality being referred to. For instance, you positively would not do a cross-sex type of correlation on the off chance that you wished to uncover whether homosexuality has consistently been dreaded and looked downward on by the vast majority from the beginning of time. No, fairly you would play out an authentic correlation of at least two unique social orders to check whether these convictions consistently existed, or, regardless of whether this is a recently developed conviction. Lets take a gander at minimal all the more intently at the previously mentioned chronicled correlation and perceive how the similar strategy functions with a particular model. There is no doubt that in todays western culture there is a ton of dread and anxiety towards individuals who are named gay. The inquiry we will endeavor to reply anyway is whether it has consis tently been this way and is this a generally accepted fact. In antiquated Greek social orders individuals had a totally different assessment of men that laid down with men. For instance, it was viewed as a significant respect for a family with a little youngster younger than 10, to be given the benefit on a more seasoned man of high society bringing their child into his home. The little fellow would proceed to live with this more seasoned man. The more seasoned man would engage in sexual relations with the little fellow all the time until the kid created facial hair. It was not up to that point that the kid was viewed as a man. Society felt that a more seasoned keeps an eye on, of incredible notoriety, semen would enable the kid to form into a fine youngster. When the kid built up the facial hair, the sex between the two would stop. The more seasoned keeps an eye on work was done. Clearly this would be viewed as a terrible and disturbing act nowadays. The more established man for this situation would positively go to prison for the violations that he had submitted. Nonetheless, in Ancient Greece this was viewed as completely typical, yet as I previously expressed, it was a respect and a blessing that only one out of every odd kid was fortunate enough to be given. In this way, we can close from this correlation that homophobia, as we probably am aware it, is definitely not a characteristic truth, nor is it an all inclusive conviction. Or maybe it is a socially developed conviction that numerous individuals have underestimated as an inescapable piece of human presence. It is significant now to explain something be that as it may. It is said that the job of the humanist is an enlightening one rather than a prescriptive one. In other words that the humanist ought to portray the different practices, customs and structures that exist in different social orders instead of propose to individuals which one is really the right conviction or the genuine truth. Cross-sexual orientation examinations is another ordinarily utilized correlation used to uncover socially developed facts. In Carol Gilligans book In an alternate voice we locate a fine case of a cross-sexual orientation examination. She expresses that the vast majority accept that most of individuals, the two people, see assurance issues similarly. In any case, through experimental information assortment, Carol Gilligan reasons this isn't regularly the situation. Or maybe, she expresses that men will in general methodology moral issues uniquely in contrast to ladies. Where as men see spirit issues with a dont meddle with my privileges see, ladies center more around the obligation end of the resolve in question. In this manner we can finish up, gratitude to the relative technique, that the developed truth that all individuals see resolve gives the equivalent is certainly not a right one. Another snappy case of a cross-sex correlation would be that of the house-spouse. Still today most men see the job of the wedded lady as one that includes being a house-spouse, in the conventional feeling of the term. Be that as it may, ladies today surely would not see themselves in a similar way. The information gathered from a correlation, for example, this could help to dereify this socially developed truth. Cross-class correlations is addit ionally an examination generally utilized when endeavoring to uncover developed realities between two classes. for example lower-class, privileged, working class. For a model I allude to my talk notes. Our teacher gave us a fine case of a cross-class correlation including his own life. He was from a white collar class family and went to a government funded school where he engaged with different children from the center and lower class. He experienced childhood in this sort of condition and acknowledged it as the his life as the manner in which society might have been. To him, there was not another way of life. This was life. A few occasions happened and due to these occasions our teacher was moved, by his folks, to a non-public school. This tuition based school and the new society that went with it brought about a type of culture stun for him. Out of nowhere he was put in another world, a world that he never at any point knew existed. As should be obvious, our teacher socially built the view that society resembled the one that he lived in when he went to his state funded school, spent time with center and lower-class companions, and did what c enter and lower-class kids did. Whenever he was managed the opportunity to contrast that kind of way of life with one of the high society he dereified his developed view and his eyes opened to another reality and another perspective on the manner in which society was. Another significant similar structure is that of the cross-generational. This one is genuinely straight forward. The name fundamentally says everything. Truth be told, its much like the authentic correlation technique however on an a lot littler scope. I accept that with the end goal for it to be named cross-generational, the ages that are being examined must be inhabiting a similar time. Else it turns into a chronicled correlation. Karen Anderson gives a case of a cross-generational correlation in her book Sociology : A Critical Introduction (1996, pg. 12). Canadians value their resistance and absence of preference. In any case, we don't have to look extremely far into our history to discover instances of underestimated understandings that have prompted biased and biased treatment. A few sections of the populace have been named unfortunate and in this manner as undesirable or undeserving untouchables Anderson is calling attention to that the built view in Canada is that we value the way that we have next to no bias in Canada. She proceeds to call attention to this isn't at all the case. She gives the case of Canadas history of migration. She talks about the way that a great deal of Chinese individuals were permitted to move to Canada, a lot to the disappointment of current inhabitants and right now settled European workers, during when the cross-country railroad was being constructed. Sir John A. Macdonald was the Prime Minister as of now and protected his notoriety by telling the individuals of Canada, who were exceptionally upset by his activities, that the Chinese foreigners would live in Western Canada just incidentally. To console the individuals further Macdonald said no dread of a lasting debasement of the nation by a crossbreed race. This would be viewed as horrendous nowadays. Most Canadians would not understand that their nation was exceptionally shut to the possibility of the movement of specific kinds of individuals. The social thought that Canada is, and consistently have been, an extremely open minded nation is uncovered as a bogus, developed truth through this cross-generational examination. At long last we go to the last significant near structure. That of the culturally diverse. Multifaceted correlation comprises of contrasting two social orders or societies trying to uncover and uncover some socially built facts so as to demonstrate that they are not all inclusive but instead they are comparative with every general public. There are actually a large number of contrasts between pretty much every culture that individuals would be definitely stunned to learn of. For the following model I will show how the multifaceted similar strategy dereifies a portion of the developed alleged widespread facts that individuals in our general public may have. India varies in its traditions extensively from that of Canada or Northern America. For instance, in Western Civilization families sit together when the y go to chapel, in India this isn't worthy in any way. People must sit on inverse sides of the congregation. People in India generally won't eat together, while in Western development it is a typical practice and is really viewed as a decent an ideal opportunity for somewhat family holding. In India it is viewed as inconsiderate to eat with two hands at the table. The privilege had is exclusively utilized for eating and the left for drinking. Clearly we have a totally extraordinary practice in Western culture. Another stun that a Westerner may confront on the off chance that he/she were to go to India would be the way that it is as yet thought to be a significant social inappropriateness for a man to try and contact a lady in broad daylight. In North America open presentations of warmth can been seen all over the place. . (Stott, John. Sensible. 1980. Pg. 12-15) These are on the whole prime instances of Western general facts that are uncovered when co

Writing the College Application Essay - Tips to Make the Process Easier

Writing the College Application Essay - Tips to Make the Process EasierIf you're interested in writing the college application essay, you should know that there are some guidelines that you need to follow. First of all, it's important to realize that your essay is one of the main points of the college application process. You can't skip this step, and your essay needs to be concise, organized, and to the point.The key to writing an effective college application essay is to follow these guidelines. They will make it easier for you to express yourself clearly, and with less risk of your essay not being read and understood by the admissions officer reviewing your application.The first guideline to follow when writing the college application essay is to come up with a topic that you really want to get across to the admissions officer reviewing your application. You'll want to choose a topic that will be of interest to them. You should also include specific details about your career goals and experiences.This will make the application easier to read for your reader and make them feel more comfortable reading it. Additionally, you'll want to make sure that your information is accurate. Some people make the mistake of going into great detail without checking their facts. By checking your facts and making sure that you're giving them the exact facts they need, you can ensure that you're writing the best possible college application essay.Being brief and precise, is also a key to writing a well-written college application essay. If you're going to give them too much to digest, it's not likely that they will put as much into reading your essay as you want them to. Write down your essay ideas briefly and succinctly, and then continue to write the rest of your essay so that it's easy to understand.Finally, you'll want to check that your essay is organized well. This will make it easier for you to follow so that you don't end up making any mistakes in your sentence structur e. The letter format is one of the most basic things that you can write and you'll want to follow this.In addition, you'll want to know the school's guidelines for essay submissions. Keep track of these so that you don't miss any deadlines. It can also be helpful to know if you'll be able to read the committee's response before the deadline.Following these guidelines should help you to write the college application essay that will make it easier for you to get accepted. While your application doesn't have to be perfect, you can make it easier for the admissions officer reviewing your application to read by following these guidelines. This will make it much easier for you to achieve your goals, and it will make it possible for you to earn a great grade.

Free Essays on Parnoid

..p.html..p.html Demonstrative Criteria A. An inescapable doubt and dubiousness of others with the end goal that their thought processes are deciphered as malicious, starting by early adulthood and present in an assortment of settings, as showed by (at least four) of the accompanying: 1. suspects, without adequate premise, that others are abusing, hurting, or deluding the person in question 2. is engrossed with unjustified questions about the reliability or dependability of companions or partners 3. is hesitant to trust in others in light of ridiculous dread that the data will be utilized noxiously against the person in question 4. peruses concealed disparaging or undermining implications into kind comments or occasions 5. perseveringly stores up resentment feelings of spite, i.e., is unforgiving of put-down, wounds, or insults 6. sees assaults on their character or notoriety that are not evident to other people and rushes to respond furiously or to counterattack 7. has intermittent doubts, without support, in regards to loyalty of companion or sexual accomplice B. Doesn't happen solely over the span of Schizophrenia, a Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features, or another Psychotic Disorder and isn't because of the direct physiological impacts of a general ailment. Note: If rules are met before the beginning of Schizophrenia, include Premorbid, e.g., Distrustful Personality Disorder (Premorbid). Related Features Odd/Eccentric/Suspicious Personality Sensational/Erratic/Antisocial Personality Differential Diagnosis Capricious Disorder, Persecutory Type; Schizophrenia, Paranoid Type; Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features; Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition; side effects that may create in relationship with interminable substance use; jumpy qualities related with the advancement of physical impairments; Schizotypal Personality Disorder; Schizoid Personality Disorder; Borderline and Histrionic Personality Disorders; Avoidant Personality Disorder; ... Free Essays on Parnoid Free Essays on Parnoid ..p.html..p.html Indicative Criteria A. An unavoidable doubt and dubiousness of others with the end goal that their intentions are deciphered as vindictive, starting by early adulthood and present in an assortment of settings, as demonstrated by (at least four) of the accompanying: 1. suspects, without adequate premise, that others are abusing, hurting, or misleading the person in question 2. is engrossed with unjustified questions about the dedication or reliability of companions or partners 3. is hesitant to trust in others as a result of ridiculous dread that the data will be utilized noxiously against the person in question 4. peruses shrouded disparaging or compromising implications into kindhearted comments or occasions 5. diligently maintain longstanding animosity feelings of resentment, i.e., is unforgiving of abuse, wounds, or insults 6. sees assaults on their character or notoriety that are not clear to other people and rushes to respond irately or to counterattack 7. has repetitive doubts, without support, in regards to constancy of life partner or sexual accomplice B. Doesn't happen only over the span of Schizophrenia, a Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features, or another Psychotic Disorder and isn't because of the direct physiological impacts of a general ailment. Note: If standards are met before the beginning of Schizophrenia, include Premorbid, e.g., Jumpy Personality Disorder (Premorbid). Related Features Odd/Eccentric/Suspicious Personality Emotional/Erratic/Antisocial Personality Differential Diagnosis Preposterous Disorder, Persecutory Type; Schizophrenia, Paranoid Type; Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features; Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition; side effects that may create in relationship with incessant substance use; suspicious characteristics related with the advancement of physical debilitations; Schizotypal Personality Disorder; Schizoid Personality Disorder; Borderline and Histrionic Personality Disorders; Avoidant Personality Disorder; ...

Psychiatric Hospitalization for Troubled Teens

Psychiatric Hospitalization for Troubled Teens Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Psychiatric Hospitalization for Troubled Teens By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on September 20, 2019 Tetra Images/Getty Images   More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Psychiatric hospitals provide the highest level of treatment available to teens and are intended for the short-term stabilization of serious mental health issues. A hospital setting provides  a locked environment with constant clinical supervision to ensure their safety.   When Is a Psychiatric Hospital Needed? Similar to a hospital for physical problems, a psychiatric hospital is set up to deal with mood or behavioral changes that come on suddenly and require intense structure and intervention to keep the teen safe. Situations Requiring Hospitalization Suicide attempt Threatening someone with a weaponHallucinationsUncontrollable physical rage Manic episodes Teens require different treatment from adults. So its important for teens to be placed on an adolescent unit where the ?staff is trained in dealing with younger patients. Transporting Troubled Teens to Treatment Treatment in an Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital The two most important things to know about psychiatric hospitals are:  The treatment is fast-paced and intense.  The length of stay will be very short, usually several days. Hospitals for mental health issues are intended to thoroughly evaluate the crisis, act quickly to stabilize the teen and develop a plan for continued care. A comprehensive evaluation begins at the time of admission and is completed by interviewing the teen, family members and mental health or school professionals who have worked with the teen and can provide relevant information.  This assessment considers the prior history of problems in mood or behavior, use of drugs or alcohol, previous treatment, physical illness or symptoms, and family history of mental illness. Hospitals use a treatment team approach with an extensive staff of professionally trained personnel. Team members may include psychiatrists, psychologists, substance abuse counselors, therapists, social workers, nurses, activity therapists, teachers and more. Professionals from each discipline evaluate the teen and make recommendations for treatment both in the hospital and after discharge.   While in the hospital teens participate in numerous daily structured activities to include: Psychological testingIndividual therapy  Group therapy with other hospitalized teensAcademic programs to help keep up with schoolOccupational, recreational and art therapies  Family therapy focused on immediate concerns and next stepsMulti-family groups - many hospitals suggest families continue in these groups as part of aftercare Psychological Evaluations for Troubled Teens Discharge Planning Discharge planning  refers to specific plans made for the aftercare or follow-up treatment the teen will participate in upon leaving the hospital. Depending on how well the teen responds to treatment in the hospital, follow-up programs will be recommended. Some teens may require residential treatment, while others may benefit from  day treatment. If medication and efforts at stabilization create significant changes then a lower level of care such as an alternative school or intensive outpatient therapy may be appropriate. Once the reasons for the crisis are identified and a teen is considered stable by the treating psychiatrist and hospital staff, a case manager  will work on the discharge plan.  A case manager works with parents on setting up aftercare services. Referrals to a therapist, psychiatrist, or other service providers will be made. Usually, a case manager will set up follow-up appointments to ensure that the teen remains healthy once shes discharged home. Sometimes, parents feel like a teen is being rushed out of the hospital. They fear their teen hasnt recovered enough or they worry that safety issues arent completely resolved. Its important to make sure you have a clear understanding of your teens discharge instructions; and follow-up with ongoing service providers to keep your teen mentally healthy. Unfortunately, short stays are the reality of psychiatric hospitals. They are expensive to operate and are intended to assess the teen, stabilize the crisis and provide expertise in helping transition the teen into a less intensive program. Support Groups for Parents of Troubled Teens

The Top 20 Online Sports Management Masters Degree Programs

Passionate about sports? Can you see yourself involved in the business aspect of the industry? Are you a business savvy individual? Well, an online Master's Degree in Sports Management may just be a perfect fit for you. We have here gathered the top 20 best online programs offering a Masters in Sports Management and ranked them in order of best schools and programs.The business aspect of athletics is an exciting and fast-growing field and offers quite a variety of career paths once one has obtained a degree. Among the many career trajectories that a Master's Degree in Sports Management may provide you, are occupations in facility management, sales, information technology, sports agency, marketing, corporate partnerships, personnel management, event planning, athletic recruitment, and finance. Also, if you've always dreamed of a job in professional sports (say, NFL, MLB, NHL, and the NBA), this degree could very well be your means to that end. All across the country, highly qualified individuals are needed to carry out the daily operations and the practical/business side of the industry--including the general evaluation of sports programs, improvement of organizational efficiency, overall profit generation, and many other challenging and financially rewarding tasks.Our rankings here take some items into consideration, including affordability, prestige, academic rigorousness, and quality of instruction. Also, to assist potential students with varying life circumstances, we considered schools that offer any one of a number of unique features, including acceleration programs, extreme flexibility in attending classes, or unique payment options. Lastly, because of the nature of the sports industry, colleges that offer robust internships tend to rank higher. Overall, our list is designed to assist you in deciding which school or program is the best for your life and circumstance. 20. Western Kentucky University Western Kentucky University (WKU) offers a MS in Recreation and Sports Administration with a concentration in Facility and Event Management, which concentrates on administration, bodily and health training, facility management, media, branding, and collegiate administration. This top masters degree program in sports management is highly individualized, and students may seek to construct their degree to fit their own desired interests and aspirations.Courses offered include specialization in law, research, development, and theory of recreation. From our list so far, WKU is one of the most featured colleges on the U.S. News and World Report rankings list, including the following categories:#176 Best Education Schools#31 Regional Universities (South)#84 Best online MBA Programs#44 Best Online Graduate Education Programs#12 Top Public Schools​Overall, U.S. News and World Report is highly impressed with this university, and it is not difficult to see why. WKU is highly respected in regards to the prestige of professors hired, and overall academic rigorousness.​ 19. University of Southern Mississippi Due to increased security risks over the couple decades, one aspect of the sports industry that is rapidly gaining interest is the area of safety in regards to event management. This best MS in Sports Management degree through Southern Miss. offers a one-of-a-kind sports management degree, with an emphasis on Sports Event Security Management. This emphasis is not provided as a part of any other online Master degree program in the world. So, this is the ideal choice for anyone interested in security in the field of sports management.The Master Degree program at Southern Mississippi also provides areas of emphasis in research and experiential education and offers a choice between an internship or a master's thesis before graduation. Overall, U.S. News and World Report has in the past ranked the University in the Top 20 Most Popular Schools in the Country. 18. Georgia Southern University Like the predecessor on our list (Indiana State), Georgia Southern University (GSU) also ranks as one of the best online universities in the nation for Part-Time Masters degree programs, by U.S. News and World Report. However, GSU jumps ahead one space because of the prestige of its online master's degree program (#30, U.S. News and World Report).The MS in Sports Management at GSU is highly respected in the sports industry and is sure to land you a job upon graduation. In general, the degree is much like other Sport Management degrees (focusing on professional sports team management, marketing, and event management). However, there are some unique features of this degree, including its "revenue generation in sports" emphasis which has been highly touted. Otherwise, it is the reputation of this Masters degree program that causes it to land on our #18 spot. 17. Indiana State University The Online MS in Sports Management degree, offered at Indiana State University, is also geared towards the working professionals--and is focused on marketing, event planning, finance, and governance. But, an outstanding feature of this top program is the attention given towards the development of "administrative theory"--which seeks to explain the best processes for the construction of an organization as a whole, create clear divisions of labor, and efficiently delegate authority.Overall, Indiana State University is highly respected, and U.S. News and World Report ranks their online MBA program as one of the best in the nation. No GRE is required for this online sports management degree. 16. Southeast Missouri State University This school ranks #30 in the category of Top Public Schools, according to theU.S. News and World Report--and also ranks highly in Best Colleges for Veterans, and Best Online MBA programs. The Masters of Business Administration degree With an Option in Sports Management focuses especially on leadership and communication in the sporting industry. Overall GPA as well as a GMAT of GRE scores are taken into account as requirements for admission to this MBA program.This top masters program in sports management encourages real-world experience by the means of their applied research projects. Many graduates from this best online MBA in sports management program have gone on to pursue careers in professional sports including minor league baseball, and the National Hockey League. 15. University of Memphis The University of Memphis is a research-focused institution and enrolls about 21,000 students. In Sports Management the University offers a MS in Health and Sports Science with a Sports Commerce concentration. If organizing rosters and planning events isn't your forte, and you think that you'd much prefer the business/finance side of the industry, then the University of Memphis ought to be highly appealing to you. The U.S. News and World Report ranks the university in the top 150 in the categories of Part-time MBA, and Best Online MBA Programs. 14. Liberty University Liberty University is the single largest Christian college in the world, with over 113,000 students worldwide. U.S. News and World Report ranks the university's online master's degree program as one of the best in the nation (#110), and the Master's Degree of Science in Sports Management is designed to instill competency in participating students. The Degree seeks to model a Biblical worldview for graduates that can be taken into the world of sports management and focuses on ethics, social issues, marketing, public relations, finance, and research.Overall, Liberty is one of the best online schools in the country, as they have for many years sought to offer value degrees at reasonable prices. This cheap online masters in sports management degree program is accredited through the Commission on Sports Management Education (COSMA). 13. Adelphi University If small class size and more individualized attention from professors is your preference, then consider putting this university at the top of your list of potential schools. The university is an industry standard in the field, and yet maintains a "small-town" feel, which encourages strong student relationships with faculty. Adelphi has received numerous recognition including as a leader among national universities for ROI (return on investment) by PayScale.Courses at this top sports management program are geared towards passing down the first-hand experience to graduates--thereby, the faculty at Adelphi consists of highly experienced professors in the field of sports management. The 36-credit-hour Masters in Sports Management degree focuses on technology, marketing, research, and contemporary issues. Also, graduating seniors are required to complete a capstone project. 12. Saint Leo University Saint Leo University is one of the best overall colleges in the South, and their School of Business features a fantastic sports management program. Interestingly, Saint Leo is the first national college to be accredited by the Commission on Sports Management Accreditation (COSMA, which is one of the first specialized accrediting agencies with a focus on a sports management). Also, the school has been recognized by many independent institutions--including SportBusiness, and the Alliance for Sports Business (ASB)--as offering one of the best programs in the field. Overall, U.S. News and World Report ranks Saint Leo's business school in the top 100 colleges in the category of Best Online MBA programs.This top MBA with a Sports Business Concentration is also known for its internship program and general association with many companies in the sports industry--all of which has worked to the advantage of many graduating students in finding sports management employment upon graduation. 11. Drexel University With its Master's degree in Sports Management, Drexel is a high-octane educational environment designed to make you the best organizer and manager that you can be. Receive a Masters degree from Drexel and you will be receiving the same degree that many respected athletic directors, head coaches, general managers, and marketing directors have received all around the nation.Job opportunities upon graduating from this best online sports management program includeSports Marketing ManagerAccount Manager/ Account ExecutiveFitness DirectorEvent Planner/ Coordinator 10. Temple University Philadelphia is one of the few cities in the country with a sports team involved in every major sports league (NFL, NBA, NHL, and the MLB). With Temple University and their Executive Masters in Sports Business Program, you'll get an opportunity to become a leader in the $1.5 trillion global sport industry through their online program. The executive masters program collaborates with the Fox School of Business Online MBA giving students the chance to learn from other top business leaders. You can set your own pace graduating in as few as 13 months, or taking up to 4 years to complete. Overall, U.S. News and World Report ranks Temple University #1 in overall Online MBA Programs. 9. ​New England College New England College's MBA in Sport and Recreation Management is one of the top 10 online sports management degrees. The program can be completed in 20 months and is designed for working professionals.An MBA is worth it for increased salary, networking, leadership and management skills as well as preparation to meet challenges on the workforce. New England's MBA in sports management program takes a look at the concepts of sports management as well as the responsibilities of coaches. 8.Central Michigan University Michigan is a state renowned for collegiate athletics and in the area of sports management, Central Michigan University doesn't let the reputation down. If you learn best with attentive professors and a personalized online classroom, you may fit in perfectly at this top masters in sports management degree program. The staff and advisors at Central Michigan go out of their way to give as much one-on-one attention to their students as possible. U.S. News and World Report ranks the school #36 in Best Online MBA programs and #17 in Best Online Graduate Education Programs. So, attend this school and attend one of the best places to get a master's degree in general, and a Sports Management degree in particular. 7. University of Florida With a #1 ranking in Best online Graduate Education Programs, and a #4 in Best online MBA Programs, from U.S. News and World Report, it is little wonder that this university's Master's degree in Sports Management is so highly sought after. The University has produced some of the most renowned financiers in the sports industry and is likely the college for you if your interest is primarily in finance. Both an internship and a capstone project are requirements for graduation--most universities usually require one or the other of these options. In other words, this school is one of the most rigorous in the nation.Job opportunities upon graduation inlude:Game Day CoordinatorSports AdministrationFacility Operations ManagerSports AgentAthletic Performance Training and Development Specialist 6. Northeastern University This school may just be the most truly unique university on our list. U.S. News and World Report ranks Northeastern University as the #6th Most Innovative School in the nation--and for all the buzz that they've created in their unique approach to education, it is hardly difficult to see why. Other schools offer real-world experience as part of their approach, but with Northeastern, and the Master of Sports Leadership degree that they offer, it is made the foundation of all they do. With an emphasis on the relationship between social issue's and leadership in business practices, anyone attending Northeastern will find it an unparalleled experience.This top 10 sports management program will prepare you for an exciting career in the sports industry. This COSMA accredited degree is in a flexible online format with an intensive one-week summer residency program in Boston. No GRE or GMAT is required for this online sports management degree program. 5.Texas AM The online Master of Science in Sports Management offered at Texas AM, offers all of its 36 credit hours online, and also offers graduation without a thesis requirement (for those who dread such). The program focuses on research and field experience, and can be obtained either as a full-time, or part-time student. The course curriculum at Texas AM is specifically designed to equip fully those who are pursuing careers working in Country clubs, athletic departments, fitness clubs, or professional sports.U.S. News and World Report ranks this program as the #44th best Online Graduate Education Program, which makes it one of the highest ranking sport education masters degrees' one can obtain online. Texas AM online masters in sports management can be completed through their distance learning program with no residency. 4.University of Miami Perhaps no other school on our list is featured in as many categories of the U.S. News and World Report college rankings. Among the categories that the University of Miami excels at are Best in National Universities (#51), Best Colleges for Veterans (#41), Best Education Schools (#69), Best Global Universities (#155), Best Business School (#68), Best Online Graduate Business Programs (#56), and Best Online Graduate Education Programs (#184). So when attending the University of Miami, you knows you are receiving a highly respected education.This is no less true in the case of the online Masters of Science in Education in Sports Administration, which focuses on sports management through a globalized perspective. Also, this best online degree in sports management requires just 30 credits and can be completed in just 20 months. 3.Isenberg School of Management (Subsidiary of UMass, Amherst) The MBA With a Focus on Sports Management degree is one of the best degrees that can be achieved in the sports industry and comes from one of the most prestigious business schools in the nation: Isenberg School of Management. Isenberg is home to a think-tank of professors, who seek to incorporate the latest and greatest research in the field. The professors at Isenberg (and Umass in general) are among the most respected in their field, and it is this resource that Isenberg offers that make them an undeniable force in the field of sports education. The college is also home to many, year-round, guest lecturers--who are usually some of the most respected leaders in the industry.This top sports management masters program offers real world experience and provides the best academic experience to prepare graduates for a high-paced career. 2.Lasell University Lasell University offers a top masters in sports management completely online. This cheap sports management program can be completed in 12-24 months, and no GMAT or GRE is required to apply.The quality, affordability and flexibility of the sports management curriculum are what make this a top degree. After completing the degree, graduates have gone on to such jobs in the sports management industry asHigh School Coach and Athletic DirectorCollege Head Coach/ Assistant CoachSports Marketing DirectorProfessional Operations ManagerEvent Manager 1.Ohio University No other college could rank number #1 on any sports education list, besides Ohio University (OU) The school essentially invented the category, and has remained an industry giant since its inception. OU seeks to train future leaders in sports management enterprises and is unprecedented for educating many highly respected individuals in the field of professional sports like the NFL, NBA, and the MLB. Also, its Alumni network is considered one of the most prestigious in the country.U.S. News and World Report ranks OU as one of the best overall universities in the nation, and one of the best places to get an online master's degree. But it is their highly touted and affordable sports education program that cannot be denied. SportBusiness International ranked their online MSA as the best online sports masters program in the world.If you are interested in sports management, than this cheap online sports management degree may be the program for you. Employers will be clamoring over themselve s to hire you upon graduation, and a degree from OU will streamline your career into the most exciting places to work.Related Articles 20 Best Online Masters in Supply Chain Management​10 Best Online Masters in Non-Profit Management​25 Best Masters in Organizational Leadership​​​​20 Best Online Masters in Finance Programs​​​20 Best Online Masters in Accounting Degree ProgramsTop 15 Masters in International Business Degree Programs20 Best MBA in Entrepreneurship Degree ProgramsTop 20 Masters in Project Management Degree Programs

Workplace Challenges - 1570 Words

SECTION C: WORKPLACE CHALLENGES 1 Workplace Challenges: A Review of Current Stressors, Anger Management, and the Developement of Coping Techniques Dwayne Adams Metropolitan Community College This paper was prepared for HMRL 1010 5B Human Relationship Skills Spring 2012-13 FORT OMAHA Campus Instructor, Melinda J. Classen, M.S. SECTION C: WORKPLACE CHALLENGES 2 Abstract Many nations and various groups compete and continuously reposition theirselves to gain international†¦show more content†¦Stress Coping Techniques How does one cope with stress in life? How does one respond to life events? Good physical and mental health can be maintained by learning to balance negative stressors agaist stress reduction techniques. Some Personal Stress Reducers in General Are: Proper Rest Proper Support Network of Co-workers, Friends, and Family Prioritizing and Planning Daily Activities Practice of Relaxation Techniques Proper Diet Acceptance of Limitations Although there are far too many factors to adequately discuss in this paper, a review of the various stressors are a worthwhile activity. Candid and honest answers to certain questions can assist in techniques to allieviate stress. â€Å"How have I overcome stress in the past?† †How much of my stress is work related?† â€Å"What characteristics do I tend to have when I am stressed?† How can I impliment stress management strategies in oreder to balance my life?† Currently, I am actively engaged in answering such questions and developing and improving copimg strategies. I have found much success in most circumstances. There exist some stress with respect to the volume of classwork given, but it is much less when compared to the esteem and feelings of self-efficacy gained. My current studies seems the have served as a major reducer of stress. There is however, much room for improvement. SECTION C: WORKPLACEShow MoreRelatedForeign Service Officer For Citizenship And Immigration Canada878 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal affairs. Second, a career in public service requires me to serve as a non-partisan agent and to carry out policies that I may or may not agree with, which can present demoralizing situations throughout the lifetime of my career. Despite these challenges, I am confident that I can use the passion and interest that I possess for the work of a Foreign Service Officer to derive satisfaction in such a career. My interest in a career as a Foreign Service Officer with CIC is rooted in my desire forRead MoreLeadership Challenges in Diversity Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Challenges in Diversity The article, â€Å"Challenges of Leading a Diverse Workforce,† by Janice R.W. Joplin and Catherine Daus, discusses research that suggests six challenging factors when promoting diversity in an organization, along with proposed solutions to those challenges. The six challenges include, the Change of Power Dynamics, Diversity of Opinions, Perceived Lack of Empathy, Tokenism, real and perceived, Participation, and Inertia (Joplin, Daus 1997). The challenges and solutionsRead MoreWorkplace Challenges For Women And Minorities Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Challenges For Women And Minorities - How To Cope With Them? 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Using a Wider Range of Vocabulary - ESL Lesson Plan

Aristotle The Good Life - 1708 Words

Aristotle: The Good Life Aristotle along with Plato and Socrates are three of the first and arguably the most important philosophers when it comes to modern day philosophy and ethics. Aristotle’s work extended beyond ethics and philosophy into scientific thought where he was a very important figure in that field as well. One of Aristotle’s greatest works was the Nicomachean Ethics. In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores how people should live and concentrates on the individual’s ethical responsibilities. He outlines many different ideas and angles of what he considers the good life. These include the meaning of â€Å"The Good†, Virtues and Friendship. Aristotle was born around 834 B.C. in the town of Stagira in Thrace. He was the son of a physician named Nicomachus. Aristotles’s father died when he was still a child after which he was looked after by Proxenus of Atarneus. At the age of 18 he enrolled in Plato’s Academy. Here he studied under Plato’s tutelage for twenty years up until Plato’s death in 348 B.C. Aristotle’s time at the Plato Academy would have a profound impact on his early work and would be the basis for many of his written pieces. Some years after he was invited by Philip of Macedon to be the tutor of his son Alexander who would later become known as Alexander the great. After his tutoring of Alexander ended he devoted his life to developing a school called the Lyceum. The Lyceum was devoted to the study of nearly every realm of knowledge. Twelve years afterShow MoreRelatedAristotle Is A Good Life?1211 Words   |  5 Pages Aristotle is one of the most studied philosophers of all time and his works are widely utilized by academics and non-academics when discussing the common theme, â€Å"what is a good life?† Within many of his works Aristotle has addressed the concept of â€Å"eudaimonia.† Simply defined, eudaimonia is, â€Å"happiness or flourishing.† However, Aristotle defined eudaimonia a little bit differently, he claimed that eudaimonia was reaching one s ultimate human good by living well and completing one’s ultimate goalsRead MoreThe Good Life Defined By Aristotle1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe good life defined by Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics is a feasible goal that all humans should be able to aim for but restrictions make it impossible for all citizens of ancient Greece to achieve it which foreshadows the gender and racial stereotypes that can be seen in our culture today. Aristotle questions this claim by having an inner debate with himself in the process, he c reates many theories, but he clarifies what he determines to be the good life by saying, †Our present discussion doesRead MoreAristotle Think Made A Good Life849 Words   |  4 Pages Aristotle wondered what made a good life. When Aristotle asked others what made their life good, the answer always included happiness. Aristotle wanted to create a way for people to look at their lives and use knowledge to judge what happiness is. Aristotle found that this task was nearly impossible because people have vastly different personalities and view circumstances differently. With the Doctrine of the Mean, Aristotle explains that to achieve happiness, one must create ethical valuesRead MoreAristotle Viewed The Good Life As One In Which One Is Happy1816 Words   |  8 Pages Aristotle viewed the good life as one in which one is happy meaning doing and living well. Human beings can act rationally and have both needs and wants. These needs and wants are fulfilled by acquiring material wealth. Karl Marx defined a commodity in terms of it having a use value and exchange value. In a capitalist society, commodities are produced using human labor for exchange and, this means only products that must value are exchanged to satisfy human wants. â€Å"A commodityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Nicomachean Ethics By Aristotle1667 Words   |  7 PagesEthics, by Aristotle, Aristotle describes various way of living one’s life, the ultimate goal in life, and how to achieve happiness and live the best life. Aristotle describes three different kinds of lives in Nicomachean Ethics. These three lives consists of the life of honor, the life of pleasure, and the life of study. Aristotle, from the first book, insists that the life of study or contemplation is considered to be the best life. He argues that self-sufficiency is required for the life of studyRead MoreAristotles Balance of Eudaimonia880 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle’s balance of Eudaimonia Aristotle, the son of Nicomachus(Aristotle), known as ‘the philosopher, was born in 384 B.C.E, in a small city named Stagira in northern Greece. During his lifetime, he studied variety of subjects and brought knowledge to all aspects (Blackburn). He viewed that as a human, a subject who’s determined goal is to reach virtue and Arà ªte, is connected with nature and its balance (Golden Mean). Aristotle also viewed a good life as political questions. He analyzed thatRead MoreAristotle s Views On God997 Words   |  4 Pagesexpressed their views on how a person should live his/her life. Despite the agreeance that god is the highest being, the conflicting view between philosophers is on the way one should live his/her life of virtue. Through different perspectives, distinguishing good from bad is extremely difficult. Aristotle was not religious, did not think god was compassionate, and did not believe one would meet god himself in the â€Å"life after death†. Aristo tle believed that being virtuous was why one should be moralRead MoreAristotle s Views On Ethics1616 Words   |  7 Pages(intro) Aristotle was a Greek philosopher whose writings have carried on well past his life, and have held an influence across the world, throughout time periods, and are intensely debated to this day. Following his treatise on Ethics, Aristotle turned his attention to Politics, in which he claimed, â€Å"it is evident that the state is a creation of nature, and that man is by nature a political animal;† [1] a bold statement that encompasses the whole of a species. However, Aristotle’s assertion thatRead MoreAristotle and Ethical Egoism818 Words   |  4 Pageswith the opportunity to grow and realize his or her true potential. Aristotle believes that this is something everyone should work to achieve. No one intentionally wants to fail at being a human being and so people do whatever they can to continue to flourish. Aristotle’s philosophy favors ethical egoism because he believes that everything people do is in order to secure their own happiness in the end. According to Aristotle, human’s have two sides, an animal side and a side of reason. If we onlyRead MoreThe Well Being Aristotle And Human Happiness1000 Words   |  4 PagesOur Well-Being: Aristotle and Human Happiness What is the purpose of a human being? â€Å"Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence† (Nicomachean Ethics). When one thinks about happiness, these words said by Aristotle allow us to understand its significance. Through Aristotle’s teachings, he made it clear that the point of life is to be happy. Aristotle uses the word happiness as having to do with a person’s life as a whole, and not as the constant desire

Confucius, Aristotle, Aquinas, And Erasmus - 1713 Words

Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Quintilian, Aquinas, and Erasmus As a Christian educator, it is important to base educational practices on Biblical authority. Christian education should teach students to learn to act like God and to do His work (Graham, 2003). â€Å"True education is to develop knowledge of God and His created reality and to use that knowledge in exercising a creative-redemptive dominion over the world . . . â€Å" (Graham, 2003, p. 57). Being a Christian educator, does not mean that organizational structure and curriculum occur in a vacuum. Educational philosophy and structure have been developing for thousands of years and the wise educational administrator should study and understand the history and ideas that impact the educational landscape of today. Confucius created his educational code 500 years before the birth of Christ (Gutek, 2011). According to Confucius, the purpose of education was to transmit cultural heritage through ritual, tradition, and hierar chy. He originally had a desire to enter into government service, but after traveling throughout China and studying various political institutions and traditions, he returned home and opened a school that combined both his goals of government service and teaching. Confucius believed that government officials needed to be highly educated and prepared to be ethical and benevolent leaders. The purpose of education was â€Å"an ethical theory intended to guide people on the way, or the path, to leading theShow MoreRelatedChapter One : Theoretical Framework Essay6065 Words   |  25 Pagesthe Chinese had also established formal schools. These early teachers emphasized individual character and citizenship. The earliest individual teachers to have a profound, direct effect on learner-centered education were the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551 B.C.-479 B.C.) and the Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 B.C.). Henson (2003) provided an account of several philosophical contributions to the learners’ centered approach throughout history, up from Bacon (1561-1626); for instance, who has

Uses of Job Description Free Essays

Usefulness of Job Description 1. It Helps identify a job, distinguishing it from other jobs by its title. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Uses of Job Description or any similar topic only for you Order Now It serves as a guide in employee recruitment, selection, and placement. 3. It establishes proper relationship between one job and the others within the same salary bracket. 4. It facilitates comparisons with similar jobs in other firms for purposes of wage surveys. 5. It serves as a guide in the organization and administration of a department, division, section, or unit. 6. It helps to form lines of promotion or transfer and to spot employees who need further training. . It contributes to the personal satisfaction of every individual employee with his job. Components of Job Design Job specialization Job expansion Psychological components Self-directed teams Motivation and incentive systems Ergonomics and work methods Job Specialization †¢ Involves o Breaking jobs into small component parts o Assigning specialists to do each part †¢ First noted by Adam Smith (1776) o Observed how workers in pin factory divided tasks into smaller components †¢ Found in manufacturing se rvice industries Job Specialization Often Reduces Cost †¢ Greater dexterity faster learning †¢ Less lost time changing jobs or tools †¢ Use more specialized tools †¢ Pay only for needed skills Job Expansion Process of adding more variety to jobs Intended to reduce boredom associated with labor specialization Methods o Job enlargement o Job enrichment o Job rotation o Employee empowerment Psychological Components of Job Design †¢ Individuals have values, attitudes, and emotions that affect job results o Example: Work is a social experience that affects belonging needs Effective worker behavior comes mostly from within the individual o Scientific management argued for external financial rewards †¢ First examined in ‘Hawthorne studies’ Self-Directed Teams Group of empowered individuals working together for a common goal May be organized for short-term or long-term objectives Reasons for effectiveness o Provide employee empowerment o Provide core job characteri stics o Meet psychological needs (e. g. , belonging) Motivation Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Motivation is the set of forces that compel behavior Money may serve as a psychological financial motivator Incentive systems o Measured daywork: Pay based on standard time o Piece rate: Pay based on pieces done Ergonomics and Work Methods Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Foundation laid by Frederick Taylor o Match employees to task o Develop work methods o Establish work standards Ergonomics Study of work Also called ‘human factors’ Involves human-machine interface Examples o Mouse o Keyboard How to cite Uses of Job Description, Papers

Trade and Sanctions

Questions: 1) What are trade sanctions? How do they fit into broad economic sanctions? 2) Discussion of the theoretical welfare effects on the world, that is, on the countries on which the sanctions are imposed and the sanction-imposing countries 3) Discussion of different arguments, in the literature, on the effectiveness of sanctions in achieving their stated objectives 4) Analysis of two specific trade sanctions by discussing the specific contents of the sanctions, their stated objectives, and their effects on all parties involved, whether the stated objectives were achieved. Answers: Introduction: The competitors in the international trade market have to follow proper rules and regulations stated by the World Trade Organizations. Through some appropriate rules and regulations, countries related to the world trade market end their trade operations. There are several things which are very important to understand before assessing them. Tariff, Quota, Trade sanctions are some significant export duties to be kept in mind before participating in the market (Arnold). This assignment deals with the discussions and issues related to the trade sanctions. The trade sanctions are basically identified as the penalty. It is a kind of penalty that is always imposed by only one country to any one country or too many countries. When one country (or more) is penalized by another country in different reasons, then this penalty is known as Trade sanctions. Trade sanctions are basically imposed to decrease the level of export. Trade sanctions: As introduced before, the trade sanction is a penalty that is imposed by one or more countries on one or more other nations as opined by Doyle (2014). The trade sanctions are of two types which are known as unilateral trade sanctions and multilateral trade sanctions. The unilateral trade sanctions are that penalty which is imposed by only one nation on one or more another nations. The multilateral trade sanctions are identified as the penalties that are imposed by one or more nations on the one or more other nations (Higgins). The relations behind imposing these penalties may or may not related to the trade operations. 1. Trade Sanctions and broad economic sanctions: Shojal Root claim that economic sanctions or broad economic sanctions are those policies which genuinely try to warn the factors which harm or violate the international trade terms (Shojal and Root). As per the viewpoint of the critiques, the sanctions are not sufficient in reaching the goals for what it was made. Stated or non-stated actions in trade world may or may not be controlled with the aid of the economic sanctions. There is some effectiveness which helps in sorting the issues in relation to violent behaviour to some extent. More precisely, the economic sanctions can be explained as the removal or withdrawal financial associations along with the customary trade for some foreign policies and security reasons. It is noticed that over the years, there are many nations who just impose trade sanctions for some very unjustified reasons. For instance, when the import of international goods in industry increases then simultaneously it harms the domestic markets. In such a situation, a country tries to impose excessive tariffs or trade sanction on the import of those goods but it may or may not effects the situation properly (Krugman and Wells). The main loophole of this policy is their over effectiveness. In order to save the domestic market, this policy affects the international trade in a negative way. Economic sanctions are broadly distinguished from the trade sanctions (Bapat and Morgan). However, these things are imposed not only for the welfare purpose in a nation but also for the welfare of the whole world. 2. Welfare effects of Trade sanctions on both parties: Obviously, there are some positive aspects of trade sanctions or barriers with some negative effects to. First of all, it shall be stated that the trade barriers supports a nation hugely to decrease the level of imports. The trade helps and harms both the countries who impose it and whom it being imposed (Higgins). Imposing the trade sanctions harms the country itself. Importing excessive goods is much costlier than producing it or buying it in the domestic markets. Still, some nations import products for several purposes like quality, quantity, availability etc. If it is noticed minutely, then it can be assessed that excessive imports ultimately harms the domestic markets and imbalances the trade of the economy (Hubbard and O'Brien). Tariffs or Quota are some trade barriers which help the domestic markets to be flourished. The effects of imposing various protectionisms such as tariff, quota and embargo etc. basically increase the level of domestic production and hence economic growth comes following this factor. Moreover, the price of the goods in the domestic market will increase because people now do not have enough options (Jha). For instance, foreign companies like the US outsource their job opportunities to the underdeveloped or developing the country by establishing their subsidiaries in those markets. It basically harms the domestic job market because they pay package is much fairer than the domestic companies. So naturally people like to work for them instead of working in the domestic markets. Implementing protectionism solves this problem too (Drenzer). However, there is the darker side of the factors to which affects the trade market intensively. As a result of a decrease in imports, the country suffers from the insufficient stock of goods. Geographical aspects assess that every nation has some competitive advantage in several industries like agricultures, manufacturing or on minerals (Drenzer). If a country cannot min sufficient gold from itself then it has to import raw gold to meet the demand of the country. Now imposing trade sanctions barriers to this factor and hence the gold price in the domestic market increases. It is very harmful to the food industry because food materials are segregated as necessities. Increasing prices of food materials can cause starvation, poverty and malnutrition (Jordi). Hence it degrades not only economic growth of the nation who imposes tariff but also degrades the standard of living. It is very general that imposing a tax on the country who is exporting, harm the business or industry of that country. Along with that, it increases the stockpile of the goods in the country who is exporting. With some certain assumptions in the viewpoint of the demand and supply theory, it can be stated that this factor increases the price of those goods (Welch and Welch). It is surveyed that the United States has imposed sanctions for 60 times in previous three years for at least 35 different countries in the world. It is affecting the 42% of the world economy. The world export has been facing severe loss of 20 billion dollars up to the present era. As stated U.S became successful in saving the domestic market to some extent but affecting the world market which indirectly negatively impacted the U.S. itself (Krugman and Wells). 3. Effectiveness of sanctions to achieve their goals: The literature claims that the sanctions are harmful and helpful for the both the parties. Sanctions were made to save unjustified behaviours of the nation towards other countries. It was become effective initially but history proves that it becomes intolerable day by day. The sanctions that the US had implemented for 60 times in different nations became effective initially but in the long run, the country starts facing the problem of serious starvation and poverty (Leijonhufvud). The case of US tax imposition on the Iran from 1991, Soviet Union was get banned by U.S through embargo in 1980 and many more cases concludes four key results. First one says that Sanctions do not work frequently, it is very rare when sanction works. Secondly, the unilateral sanctions are not sufficient in affecting their country or in reaching their goals. The worse effect was received by America was on their trade sector. Moreover, U.S. has faced severe damage on their reputation as a supplier. The U.S. before was identified as one of the reliable material suppliers in the trade market but after all these incidents its reputation was harmed (Wetzstein). However, as per the opinion of Drenzer, all of this critical points have some flaws too. It is observed that the Sanctions work more prominently on allies instead of working on adversaries. It has been surveyed that the there is a major reason exist behind the sanctions failure. One of them is the way that a country imposes it, i.e. half-heartedly (Poon). It is always not that the sanctions do not work. Comprehensive research claims that during 1914 to 1990, more than 116 sanctions were imposed. The result states those sanctions were successful for the third time, were partially achievable at the third time and again for the third time it became ineffective (Terra). This study on the America clearly depicts that the motive for which the sanctions were developed got almost unfulfilled. It was seen that failure rate of that sanctions is more than its success rate. This is probably because the way it works or the way it is imposed. If the pattern of imposing sanctions or barriers can be changed then it might work much effectively. In general, the trade sanctions become a burden for some country. Some scholars have stated that the comprehensive types of sanctions are more often prove that they are ineffective and bring failure. Oskaran (2012), has argued that the success of sanctions depends on upon its goal. It happens that the sanctions were made for some purpose and the purpose has been changed in due courses. Obviously, the sanctions got failed which had happened in the case or Iran, Iraq and Libya (Oskarsson). Parker (2000), supports him by stating that generalizing one or more cases and concluding based on the case study result are always not fruitful. An in-depth analysis is always needed to check things properly before analysing them (Parker). 4. Two Specific sanctions: There are numerous numbers of sanctions are present among which two have been stated here in an informative way. 1. United States Embargos: United States embargos are pretty famous in the world of trade sanctions. This embargo was imposed by the United States government to one or more country on one or more goods for different reasons. The United States Embargo includes several rules and regulations or tax imposition on different goods. According to this embargos, the United States has imposed import barrier on arm related goods, financial restrictions, on the economic assistance during the civil war. Also, this sanction resists the dual use exports (Walker). During the Civil War, United Sates banned the export of farm related goods in order to stronger their own power of weapons. They wanted to make them stronger. It was needed huge financial funds and economic support. If U.S. provides financial supports or economic assistance to other than it will make them weaker. So they stop providing financial assistance to their enemy countries. The main objective for which the whole thing was designed to get the victory. All was designed to get the supreme power. Exporting goods from Iran, Sudan, Myanmar, Sudan, and Syria had been banned by the America. The objective was not fully met but yes, it had affected those countries hugely. Iran was initially started to suffer from losses but after it stronger its nuclear power, the sanctions become meaningless. Sanctions against North Korea were justified and it became successful in prohibiting the abuse of human rights by the country. Myanmar being a poor country was stopped receiving financial help from other countries. The embargo was imposed on Syria because it was identified as the terrorist zone. The mechanism of the embargo has improved the standard of living in the country (Oskarsson). 2. Cuba Sanctions: U.S. and Cuba hold very diplomatic associations between themselves. The U.S. maintains a strict economic embargo against Cuba regarding the trade between them. It was implemented in against of certain actions help by the Cuban government. The Certain regulation was implemented which are remain in place even in today. All were implemented to save Cuban Assets also and with the help of the U.S. government, it became successful. The other objective behind this Cuba Sanction was to keep trade peace between this two countries which was very important (Terra). Conclusion: The above discussion clearly states that the sanctions are effective but not for all time. It also can be analysed that there are fewer situations where sanctions became effectively handle the situations. Trade restrictions or sanctions are always helpful to save the domestic market but sometimes it hurts the world economy to the next level. Some evidence has been analysed here and an ingesting fact is revealed. The way people judge whether a sanction is successful or not can be all wrong. If the reasons for what sanctions were made, become changed then sanctions can never be successful. So, research or analysis should be done in an appropriate way too. References: Arnold, R. Macroeconomics. London: Cengage Learning, (2008). Bapat, Navin A. and Morgan, T. "Multilateral versus unilateral sanctions reconsidered: A test using new data." International Studies Quarterly (2009): 1075-1094. 53.4. Doyle, J. "How Prospects for Global Economic Growth influence Indian Foreign Policy." Strategy Leadership (2014): 42.2. Drenzer, D. "The hidden hand of economic coercion." International Organization, (2003): 643-659. 57.03. Higgins, K. Economic Growth, and Sustainability: Systems Thinking for a Complex World. Academic Press: Cambridge, (2014). Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Boston: Pearson (2013). Jha, R. Contemporary Macroeconomic Theory and Policy. Kolkata: New Age International, (2008). Jordi, G. Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework and Its Applications. Princeton: Princeton University Press, (2015). Krugman, P. and Wells, R. Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers, (2013). Leijonhufvud, A. Macroeconomic Instability, and Coordination: Selected Essays of Axel Leijonhufvud. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, (2000). Oskarsson, K. "Economic sanctions on authoritarian states: Lessons learned." Middle East Policy, (2012): 88-102. 19.4. Parker, W. "The problem with scorecards: How (and how not) to measure the cost-effectiveness." Michigan Journal of International Law, (2000): 235-294. 21. Poon, D. Economic and Trade Information on Hong Kong. (2016). 09 06 2016. https://hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Market-Environment/Economic-and-Trade-Information-on-Hong-Kong/etihk/en/1/1X000000/1X09OVUL.htm. Shojal, S. and P. Root. "Effectiveness Of Economic Sanctions:Empirical Research Revisited." International Business Economics Research Journal, (2013): 1479-1490. 12.11. Terra, C. Principles of International Finance and Open Economy Macroeconomics: Theories, Applications, and Policies. Cambridge: Academic Press, 2015. Walker, A. "The UK and the EU: Trade and economy." 31 05 2016. 31 05 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-35757324. Welch, P. and G. Welch. Economics: Theory and Practice. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, (2009). Wetzstein, M. Microeconomic Theory: Concepts and Connections. Abington: Routledge, (2013).

My life in Western Europe in 600 AD

The European Middle Ages, popularly referred to as ‘dark ages’ can only be described by one word, ‘barbaric’. This was after the fall of the Roman Empire that had ruled for almost 500 years. Hooligans, Hans, barbarians and Goths came from all directions, East and North, sweeping down Europe. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on My life in Western Europe in 600 AD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many buildings and architectural structures that were used during the reign of Roman Empire were destroyed. The Western half of Europe was now in a state of anarchy but Eastern Europe was still thriving. Power was now decentralized, army was disbanded and the force that upheld Rome collapsed. During this time, there was little education and trade, countries were fragmented into small portions that were now under the control of feudal lords. Barbaric tribes were immense and kings had little power. Th is means that the Roman army that used to protect the empire was almost powerless and could no longer guarantee security and distance travels became quite risky. I could not even visit my uncle who lived in the neighboring city to have a chat with my cousins and being the only child at home them, life was so boring. I had to stay indoors for most of the days as schooling had also become difficult. My father would leave us home to go look for casual jobs in the agricultural farms as this was the only place that one could secure one. Feudal lords had taken over all the lands and the laws that protected such property were no longer applicable. By now, schools were closed roads were not maintained d and living standards were dismal. Agricultural practices were torn down and the agribusiness that had thrived was now replaced by subsistent farming. The fertile lands in the areas of Iran and Iraq that had flourished in technology collapsed and resulted to use of rough methods of irrigatio n which had a great effect on rivers Tigris and Euphrates. There were salt sediments along these basins and eventually, they became deserts which are prevalent to date. Misery continued and life became almost unbearable. This was made worse by the emergence of plagues that saw the continued downfall of cities like Persia, Indonesia and Arabia. Northern Greece was also invaded Dorians and this led to the collapse of the famous arts culture and playwrights that had charmed the world. The Mycenaean who were the Greeks in the Bronze Age and popularly referred by Greeks as Ionians fled and settled in Turkey. Today, there is the believe that the Philistines referred to in the bible were the Ionians who settled in Israel. The church conserved ancient and Biblical writings and it helped in bringing people together since it had a centralized authority and was constant. The barbarian kingdoms were always fighting and could not agree with each other. Advertising Looking for essay on hist ory? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Persian Empire tried to take over Byzantine and this marked the beginning of Byzantine civilization. Later, Persia is overcome by Byzantine forces and the Jerusalem cross taken from the Persians. Later, Arabs conquered Byzantine and when they try to do the same to Constantinople, they fail. For the many years, life here was terrible with no luxuries or riches that were prevalent before the collapse of the Empire. The church continued to unify people in the kingdoms that would later unite to form the present glorious Europe. With the advancement of the middle ages, there was some light at the end of the tunnel and the little that the church had salvaged was used as centers of learning later. This essay on My life in Western Europe in 600 AD was written and submitted by user Arturo York to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tips For Writing a Sample Essay About My Education

Tips For Writing a Sample Essay About My EducationA sample essay about my education is a great way to really make your students think about their experience. It can be hard to really convey how you feel about your education in writing. Here are some tips for making this experience personal.When you start writing, think about the one that was most meaningful to you. Sometimes this may not be the one that made you the most money or made you enjoy school the most. If you were not able to come up with a personal reason for wanting to write, at least try to find one that is still important to you. You may find a different one that will make you want to come back and do it all over again.What will you be focusing on in this one? Will it be about why you went to school, what you learned, or how you gained knowledge. Think about the ones that you love and remember the most. Write about those things now that you have the opportunity.A personal essay can be as simple or as complicated as you l ike. This means that you can choose how long your essay will be. It can be short, short and sweet, or long and detailed. You can take the time to really get into your reasons for writing about this topic. The more you know about why you want to write, the easier it will be to convey what you really want to say.You should make sure that you write a short, simple, easy to read essay. Try to keep the sentence length at four or five words for one paragraph. If you go over that limit, people will notice and start to lose interest in your essay.When you are writing a hard-to-read essay, it can be difficult to pull off. You may need to cut some parts of your essay and change others. Make sure that you cover all of your bases. Sometimes it helps to use some titles for the paragraphs so that people can go back and read them later.Find something that you really like about your one time at school. Try to include a story about something that really stands out to you about your education. Share some personal experiences that have stood out to you as well. Some of the best memories of your education may be the times when you were with the right people that helped you learn and grow.No matter what you are trying to express in your essay, a good idea is to start by writing down your main topic first. Then, you can add in other pieces that relate to that idea. Make sure that your essay is easy to read and understand. Finally, add a few quotations if you feel that will make it a better piece.

Opium War as a Turning Point in World History essays

Opium War as a Turning Point in World History essays For hundreds of years before the nineteenth century, Westerners had been trying to gain a strong economic foothold in China. However, they were limited to one small, designated commercial outlet in Canton. The British were not satisfied with these arrangements and they yearned to reach a larger crowd. Despite negotiations with China through those such as Lord Macartney and Lord Almherst, new arrangements could not be made. The Chinese, who already had a self-sufficient economy, did not want their culture to be tainted by Westernization. In the 1800s, the British devised a scheme to commercialize in China. They would use opium, a highly addictive narcotic that produces a rush of euphoria followed by an intense dreamy state. Opium was grown in northeastern India, which was controlled by the British East India Company at the time, and sent to China, where it had been used for medicinal purposes for hundreds of years. Although the Chinese had officially prohibited the use of opium, the drug was in high demand and the British, who were known was leaders in the drug trade, wasted no time marketing and profiting from this lucrative venture. The Chinese, unfortunately, gradually became unable to balance their trade of tea and silk for opium and turned to smuggling. In 1839, Lin Zexu was appointed by the Chinese government to help stop the Opium Trade. He tried to appeal to Britains Queen Victoria through morals and practical grounds, but the British refused to hear him stating that if the Chinese didnt want the opium they wouldnt buy it. He even threatened to stop the trade of rhubarb, which Europeans used as a laxative. After negotiations with Queen Victoria failed, Lin Zexu began to impose penalties upon smokers, arrest dealers, and seize supplies from drug traffickers. Unluckily, when he tried to blockade the foreign factory area in Canton, the British retaliated and launched a naval attack that began the Opiu...

Understanding Ecological Succession

Understanding Ecological Succession Ecological succession is the progressive change, in an ecosystem, of species composition over time. With the change in species composition comes a series of modifications in community structure and function. A classic example of succession involves the series of changes observed in an abandoned field in what is normally a forested area. Once the field is no longer grazed or mowed, the seeds of shrubs and trees will sprout and rapidly start growing. Before long, shrubs and tree saplings will be the dominant vegetation form. The tree species will then grow to the point of shading out the shrubs, eventually forming a complete canopy. The species composition in that young forest will continue to turn over until it is dominated by a stable, self-maintaining group of species called a climax community. Primary vs. Secondary Succession Ecological succession where there was no vegetation prior is called primary succession. We can observe primary succession on bulldozed sites, after an intense fire, or following a volcanic eruption, for example. The first plant species to show up have the ability to very quickly colonize and grow in these bare areas. Depending on the region, these pioneer species can be grasses, broadleaf plantain, Queen Anne’s lace, or trees like aspen, alder, or black locust. The pioneers set up the stage for the next phase of succession, improving soil chemistry and adding organic matter which provides nutrients, better soil structure, and greater water-holding capacity. Secondary succession occurs when a new set of organisms appears where there was an ecological set-back (for example a clear-cut logging operation) but where a cover of living plants was left behind. The abandoned agricultural field described above is a perfect example of secondary succession. Common plants during this stage are raspberries, asters, goldenrods, cherry trees, and paper birch. Climax Communities and Disturbance The last stage of succession is the climax community. In a forest, climax species are those that can grow in the shade of taller  trees – hence the name shade-tolerant species. The composition of climax communities varies geographically. In parts of the eastern United States, a climax forest will be made of sugar maples, eastern hemlock, and American beech. In Washington State’s Olympic National Park, the climax community may be dominated by western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, and western redcedar. A common misconception is that climax communities are permanent and frozen in time. In reality, the oldest trees eventually die and are replaced by other trees waiting under the canopy. This makes climax canopy part of a dynamic equilibrium, always changing but overall looking the same. Significant changes will occasionally be brought about by disturbances. Disturbances can be wind damage from a hurricane, a wildfire, an insect attack, or even logging. The type, size, and frequency of disturbances vary by region – some coastal, wet locations experience fires on average once every few thousand years, while eastern boreal forests may be subject to spruce budworm kills every few decades. These disturbances knock back the community into an earlier successional stage, restarting the process of ecological succession. The Value of Late Successional Habitat The dark shade and tall canopies of climax forests provide shelter for a number of specialized birds, mammals, and other organisms. The cerulean warbler, wood thrush, and red-cockaded woodpecker  are dwellers of old forests. The threatened spotted owl and Humboldt fisher both require large stands of late successional redwood and Douglas-fir forests. Many small flowering plants and ferns rely on the shady forest floor beneath old trees. The Value of Early Successional Habitat There is also considerable value in early successional habitat. These shrubland and young forests rely on recurring disturbances that set succession back. Unfortunately, in many places, these disturbances often turn forests into housing developments and other land uses that short-cut the ecological succession process. As a result, shrublands and young forests can become quite rare on the landscape. Many birds rely on early successional habitats, including the brown thrasher, golden-winged warbler, and prairie warbler. There are also mammals that need shrubby habitat, perhaps most notably the New England cottontail.

Heroes in the Iliad Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Heroes in the Iliad - Thesis Example Such a man is shown as suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of a mistaken act, to which he is led by his hamartia (his ‘effort of judgment’) or, as it is often literally translated, his tragic flaw† (Abrams, 1999). There are two types of tragic heroes, those that are born into nobility with a tragic flaw inherent in their character who are therefore responsible for their own fate and doomed to make a serious error in judgment and those who have achieved great heights or esteem through hard work who eventually realize they have made a huge mistake causing them to face and accept their tragic death with honor. Examples of these tragic heroes can be found in Homer’s Iliad, in the characters of Hector and Achilles. Hector falls into this first category of tragic hero in every way. He is born into a noble family, being the son of King Priam of Troy and he continues to make the same tragic mistake in that he continues to take the credit f or his victories instead of giving honor and credit to the gods or goddesses that have taken his side. This can be seen in his taking credit for the retreat of Diomedes after Zeus threw a thunderbolt in front of Diomedes’ chariot to drive him away. ... However, Hector shows a great deal of courage and strength on the battlefield, earning himself honor and protecting the interests of his family and his people in the process. Being guided by Apollo, he eventually comes up against Patroklos wearing Achilles’ enchanted armor and strikes him down with seeming little trouble. This is because Patroklos has already been struck by Apollo, giving Hector the opening he needs to kill his adversary. With this victory on him â€Å"Hector has hope that they can finally defeat the enemy once and for all. Addressing his assembled troops, he says: ‘Would that I were immortal and ageless for all time, like Athena and Apollo, as surely as this day is bringing evil to the Greeks!’ Hector’s words show that he does not realize his own limitations and that he could never have been so successful without the help of Zeus† (Lefkowitz, 2003, p. 66) and the other gods. This overconfidence leads him to ignore the warnings of Ap ollo, who tells him not to go into hand to hand combat with Achilles and is slain because of his pride and overconfidence in his own abilities and counsel. Achilles, on the other hand, falls more into the second category of a tragic hero. Although it could be said that he was born into nobility of a sort because of his parentage, being the son of the water nymph Thetis and the mortal Peleus (a hero in his own right), Achilles is brought to his death by an error in judgment that leads him to quit the field of battle at a time when his countrymen needed him most. The Iliad starts off with the quarrel that leads Achilles to quit the war as Agamemnon seizes Achilles’ prize, the girl Briseis, in exchange for the princess Chryseis he is forced by Apollo to give up. When Agamemnon’s men come to take Briseis

Theological Inquiry Christological Heresies Essay

Theological Inquiry Christological Heresies - Essay Example Athanasius of Alexandria strongly opposed these teachings and emphasized that Jesus Christ was indeed fully divine. Arius argued with the bishop Alexandria stating that Jesus Christ was not immortal and that he was the first creation of God. Arius’ ideas had a huge impact on the definition of Orthodoxy following several creeds, for instance with Jehovah Witnesses who are considered present-day Arians. They present several Biblical arguments stating that Jesus Christ is not God (Fitzgerald 26-27). Arius being a presbyter insisted upon Jesus Christ’s inferiority to God and because Alexandria along with the Greek East was characterized by an intellectual climate, the argument widened and went on to reach Emperor Constantine. Both sides- the Christian church and the Arians did not let up leading Constantine to call for imperial attention and thus the Council of Nicaea was convened. At this meeting, the framework for the official Orthodox Christianity came into being as over 200 bishops argued out the theological and philosophical language. The Council of Nicaea came to be regarded as a major event as it brought about the explanation of spiritual reality as the question of both the dogmatic definition and theological language was raised. Notably, also, the relative authority of offices along with individuals, an assembly of bishops and independent bishops, the emperor along with the council, and the pope and the council was argued out. Subsequently, the issue of authority to define orthodoxy as well as heresy came to be associated at the outset with the issue of where authority was placed in the Christian community (Peters 39). It is crucial to note that Arius got his argument from studying under Lucian of Antioch who depicted Jesus Christ as a semi-divine intermediate being. Since Arius had plenty of friends some of whom were Asian bishops, they tolerated his ideology when he was ordained. This was how he started to raise a following that was spread o ut.  

Energy Star :: Environment Environmental Papers Fossils

Energy Star An analysis of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita for 1989 in United States Dollars compared to the 1991 total energy consumed per capita in equivalent barrels of oil for several countries, found the United States and Canada guilty for having the largest oil consumption per capita at fifty-five barrels while producing a third less than the leading country, Switzerland, in GDP per capita. Switzerland, the poster boy, of efficiency manages to produce more than the United States per capita while consuming half the amount of oil. (Ristinen and Kraushaar, 1999, 6) These astonishing figures present the United States as a wasteful nation plagued by inefficiency. Therefore, it was no surprise when in 1992 the Environmental Protection Agency began a program called Energy Star whose goal was and still is to promote and identify energy efficient products that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The idea behind Energy Star was to reduce United States consumption of fossil fuels, while also making the change economically sound to Mr. and Mrs. John Q. Public, thereby increasing United States overall efficiency. The program started out small, targeting electronic devices such as computers and monitors, and then snowballed into undertaking household appliances, lighting, and even businesses and homes. The mechanism on which Energy Star operates is based on an Energy Star label that is placed on appliances, devices, and anything approved by the program. This label lets consumers know that the product meets certain Energy Star efficiency guidelines that vary based on the category. However, the Energy Star program was and still is purely voluntary, meaning manufacturers have the option whether or not to generate products that meet Energy Star efficiency guidelines. Some of the first devices that carried the Energy Star label were televisions, VCRs, and audio equipment. These devices along with a hoax of others such as copy machines, fax machines, DVD players, printers, and computers, consume energy while they are not in use or in standby mode. For the purposes of this paper, the term standby mode will be defined as the state of any electronic device that is plugged into a household power source, but has its power function turned off. Therefore, in an effort to increase efficiency, any electronic device that carries the Energy Star label will consume less energy during its standby mode. For example, in the case of a television that normally consumes six watts of electricity in standby, an Energy Star labeled television will consume fewer than three watts of electricity in its standby mode, which cuts its energy consumption in half during non-working hours.

A Well Balanced Diet Health And Social Care Essay

Chapter 1IntroductionA well balanced diet is a cardinal component for healthier life. A sound wellness may merely be guaranteed when the diet consumed by human being would cover all the obligatory foods but in balanced measure ( Geil and Anderson, 1994 ; Bazzano et al. , 2001 ; Wahlqvist, 2001 ; Anderson and Major, 2002 ; Venn and Mann, 2004 ) . The human diet comprising of all indispensable foods like H2O, saccharides, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, is considered as balanced ( Potter and Hotchkiss, 1997 ) . Along with the other indispensable foods, protein is the critical particularly in instance of kids, for their proper growing and development. Proteins are indispensable for the endurance of life as it is imperative for the growing and fix of musculuss, castanetss, tegument, sinews, ligaments, hair, eyes and other tissues ( Lieberman et al. , 2009 ) . The benefits of protein enriched diet can ne'er be concealed. Taking such diet is of import to battle against infections and diseases as it facilitates to bring forth antibodies to trip our immune system ( Alexander et al. , 1998 ) . It is suggested to devour high protein diet for early recovery from hurts. Protein is besides helpful in blood curdling and fixs ( Friedman, 1996 ; Alexander et al. , 1998 ) . The mean day-to-day protein intake for a normal human person should be 56-80 g/ twenty-four hours ( 0.8 g/kg organic structure weight/day ) , while for babies it should be 2-3 g/kg organic structure weight and kids require excess 4-5 g proteins daily for their healthy growing and development ( Sun et al. , 1999 ; Awan, 2007 ) . Malnutrition due to protein lack is an approaching flagitious quandary for the multitudes whose basic diet is chiefly comprised of cereals and other starchy nutrients. Several studies on nutritionary appraisal every bit good as nutrient balanced sheets in Pakistan have pointed toward the happening of changing grade of protein lack in some open groups of the population, due to the consumption of low quality and measure of protein ( GOP, 2008 ) . The people devouring protein lacking diets can be suffered from many upsets like chest malignant neoplastic disease, colon malignant neoplastic disease, bosom disease and osteoporosis. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are reported as the major diseases due to the protein lack and malnutrition in 3rd universe states. Marasmus causes loss of fats, muscular strength and every bit good as of digestion capacity ( Alam et al. , 2003 ) . On the other manus, Kwashiorkor normally manifests with hydrops, alterations in hair and clamber coloring material, anaemia, megalohepatia, lassitude, terrible immune lack and early decease ( Bhan et al. , 2003 ) . These diseases are largely found in babies holding diet deficient in protein or due to the consumption of lower quality of protein ( Barker, 2002 ) . Protein-energy malnutrition besides favors the pathogenesis during famishment ( Reilly, 2002 ) . Therefore detecting the benefits of protein in the diet, the ingestion of protein enriched nutrient is of current involvement of consumers to achieve quality nutrient. Good quality proteins have a important impact to run into nutritionary demands of the fast turning population in the development and under developed states including Pakistan. The scientists have made assorted efforts to better protein contents and quality of basic nutrient ( wheat for Pakistani public ) through different agencies. The increased costs and limited supplies of carnal proteins, have geared the contemporary research attempts towards the survey of nutrient belongingss and possible use of protein from locally available nutrient harvests, particularly from under-utilized or comparatively ignored high protein oil-rich seeds and leguminous plants ( Enujiugha and Ayodele-Oni, 2003 ) . Pakistani population utilizes wheat flour and its merchandises as their basic nutrient with an mean consumption of 318 g/person/day which contributes about 45 per centum of the entire energy consumption ( Akhatar et al. , 2009 ) . But wheat is unable to provide the balanced proteins as it is lacking with indispensable amino acids like lysine ( Rehman et al. , 2001 ) . On other manus leguminous plant grains and beans are rich in lysine and therefore the incorporation of these possible beginnings of balanced proteins into the wheat flour for the production of high protein merchandises like bars, biscuits and even chapatis can non merely promote the protein quality but besides heighten the mineral contents and their handiness ( Bressani, 1993 ) . Grain leguminous plants are renowned as of import beginnings of nutrient and provender proteins, besides called as ‘the hapless adult male ‘s meat ‘ . In many states, leguminous plant seeds are considered as the separating beginning of protein in the diet ( Marcello and Cristina, 1997 ) . Besides the leguminous plant proteins contain important sum of lysine which an indispensable amino acid, but on contrary, most of the cereals are missing with lysine ( Alobo, 2001 ) . In add-on to nutritionally of import, the leguminous plants are besides being recognized as holding curative and remedial belongingss such as hypoglycaemic and hypocholesterolemic properties ( Shahzadi et al. , 2007 ) . Nutritionists around the universe suggest that the pulsations ( grain legumes ) like garbanzo and beans should be incorporated in the day-to-day diet to take down down the glycaemic index and to accomplish a scope of other wellness benefits ( Muzquiz and Wood, 2007 ) . Gram, besides named as Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L. ) , is one of the oldest and the widely consumed leguminous plants in the universe, peculiarly in tropical and semitropical countries ( Singh et al. , 1991 ) . The flour of decorticated gm seeds is used in several dishes and as a addendum in ablactating nutrient mixes, staff of life and biscuits ( Bau et al. , 1997 ) . Gram is rich in protein and low in fat which is largely of polyunsaturated nature ( Singh et al. , 1992 ) . Grams besides contain important sums of dietetic fibre and hence they prove as a healthy beginning of saccharides for individuals with insulin sensitiveness or diabetes. Chickpeas contain about 23 per centum protein, 64 per centum entire saccharides ( 47 per centum amylum, 6 per centum soluble sugar ) , 5 per centum fat, 6 per centum petroleum fibre, 3 per centum ash and high mineral content ( Champ, 2001 ; Boye et al. , 2009 ) . The incorporation of protein-rich leguminous plant flours such as gram flour in bakeshop merchandises like staff of life and biscuits can achieve the end of protein enrichment ( Patel and Rao, 1996 ; Singh et al. , 1996 ; Gandhi et al. , 2001 ; Sharma and Chauhan, 2002 ) . These composite flours have proven many practical utilizations and are being employed in different parts of the Earth to heighten the nutritionary and functional belongingss of flour ( Shahzadi et al. , 2005 ) . In modern states the composite flour engineering is extensively used to manufacture different types of adust and extruded merchandises. Among processed bakeshop merchandises, biscuits grasp big popularity in rural every bit good as in urban countries among all the age groups ( Agrawal, 1990 ) . The term biscuit was derived from the Latin word biscoctus, intending twice cooked ( Macrae et al. , 1993 ) . By and large the word biscuit is used in European states and the term cookies in the USA. Biscuits are popular grocery, consumed by a broad scope of populations, due to their pleasant gustatory sensation, prolonged shelf life and easy handiness at reasonably low cost ( Gandhi et al. , 2001 ) . Cookies are of import nutrient militias for people engaged in geographic expeditions and risky ocean trips, in war and other catastrophes ( Mlaik and Sheikh, 1976 ) . Because of the competition in the market and increased demand for healthy, recognized and well-designed merchandises, efforts are being made to progress the alimentary value and functionality of biscuits by seting their alimentary composing. Such properties can be achieved by increasing the ratios of wholegrain natural stuffs or different types of dietetic fibres, other than wheat, leguminous plants and pulsations, in the basic formulas of biscuits with the effort to raise protein quality and content, mineral content and their handiness ( Hooda and Jood, 2005 ; Tyagi et Al 2006 ) . Supplemented biscuits made from different low priced beginnings such as leguminous plants or pulsations flour along with wheat flour, are expected to battle with several lacks such as the hapless quality and lesser handiness of protein encountered in the natural wheat flour biscuits ( Akubor, 2003 ) . The high alimentary cookies can be prepared from composite flours such as wheat flour fortified with soy, cottonseed, pulsations, peanut, mustard or maize sources flour ( Tsen, 2006 ) . Protein giving ingredient for biscuits should hold pleasant spirit, low H2O soaking up capacity and high protein efficiency ratio ( PER ) . It should neither negatively affect the spread ratio and texture ( i.e. , brittleness ) nor cause any significant alteration in the dough consistence, snap and desirable baking reactions ( Lorenz, 1983 ) . The challenge of choosing the best suitable protein beginning has geared bakery industry to research such ingredients which impart desirable nutritionary and functional features to the baked merchandises ( Tyagi et al. , 2006 ) . Keeping in position the importance of protein enriched diet, present undertaking was designed to accomplish the undermentioned aims: To fix protein enriched cookies by utilizing gram flour To measure nutritionary and chemical belongingss of protein enriched cookiesChapter 2REVIEW OF LITERATUREEvery new research and scientific survey demands to take a expression into the old work done in the relevant field. So, the earlier surveies upon protein enriched bakeshop merchandises showed that the incorporation of flour obtained from grain leguminous plants and pulsations into the bakeshop points particularly in cookies, non merely better the protein contents but besides the overall acceptableness of the merchandise. The available literature related to current survey has been presented under the undermentioned header: Cookies and Biscuits at a Glance Enrichment of Protein in Cookies Significance of Gram and its flour Cookies Prepared by utilizing Gram flour Biological Evaluation of Cookies AssortedCookies and Biscuits at a GlanceBiscuits and cookies represent the taking class of snack points among adust nutrients all over the universe ( Pratima and Yadava, 2000 ) . They are normally thought as a beginning of pleasance and joy but non a important nutrient merchandise in footings of nutrition. The name cooky is originated from the Dutch word koekje, intending â€Å" little or small bar † while, the term Biscuit comes from the Latin word Bi coctum, significance, â€Å" twice baked † ( Macrae et al. , 1993 ) . Harmonizing to culinary historiographers, biscuits or cookies started out long ago, non as a dainty or a comfort nutrient, but as an oven temperature regulator. A little sum of bar hitter was baked to modulate the oven temperature termed as trial bar, subsequently on formed the base of modern cookies ( Davidson, 1999 ) . Commercially available simple cookies are made from white patent flour or heterosexual graded flour which is nutritionally inferior to whole wheat flour ( Elahi, 1997 ) . Simple wheat flour based biscuits contains 7 to 12 per centum proteins, 60 to 65 per centum saccharides, 22 to 26 per centum fat, 1 to 3 per centum petroleum fibre and 1.5 to 2.5 per centum minerals ( Hooda and Jood, 2005 ) . While in some other experiment seven different assortments of biscuits were analyzed for proximate analysis. It was shown that entire sugar varied from 17.26 to 40.42 per centum, protein contents were in the scope of 5.46 to 8.9 per centum, entire fats in biscuits were 24.6 to 28.9 per centum and minerals including Na, K, Fe and Ca ranged between 800-4950 mg/kg, 450-1720 mg/kg, 38-230 mg/kg and 120-1800 mg/kg, severally. However, Cu, manganese and Zn were calculated as 1-7 mg/kg, 3.5-10.4 mg/kg and 8.2-25.5 mg/kg severally ( Semwal et al. , 1996 ) . Fe and Mn contents in cookies were evaluated by Sebecic ( 2002 ) . Consequences of that survey showed that Fe contents in seven analyzed biscuits ranged from 9.32 to 24.80 mg/kg while Mn contents range from 3.76 to 16.37 mg/kg. On the other manus the vitamin contents in cooky flours were reported as 0.203 to 0.228 mg/100g for vitamin B1, 1.037 to 0.048 mg/100g for vitamin B2 and 1.17 to 1.42 mg/100g for nicotinic acid ( Keagy et al. , 1980 ) . In another experiment, it was concluded that the Zn and cuppa contents in wheat flour biscuits scopes from 5.89-17.64 mg/kg and 1.15-2.79 mg/kg, severally depending upon the type of wheat milling merchandises ( Sebecic and Dragojevic, 2004 ) . While textural surveies of different cookies showed that the cooky diameter is a map of spread rate and set clip. Cookies produced with soft wheat flour were significantly larger in diameter ( 184 millimeter ) than those made with difficult flour ( 161 millimeter ) . Similarly, cookies manufactured by soft wheat flour set subsequently ( 5.8 proceedingss ) during baking than those produced with difficult wheat flours. It was concluded that these differences in diameters and puting clip appeared to be affected by flour protein content ( Miller and Hoseney, 1997 ) .Enrichment of Protein in CookiesCookies or biscuits are the important among the bakeshop points. These are liked by all the age groups as a beginning of pleasance and energy. However, these are most normally appreciated by the school traveling kids who need more energy and proteins per unit organic structure weight than an grownup ( Shahzad et al. , 2006 ) . Keeping in position their drawn-out life and handiness they can be e nriched with protein, normally from pulsations flour and used for particular eating programmes ( Manley, 1998 ) . The construct of utilizing composite flour for the intent of protein enrichment is non new and has been the topic of legion surveies. An extended reappraisal reported that the bakeshop points can be manufactured with every bit much as 10 to 30 per centum rice flour, 5 to 20 per centum cereal grains and root flours, or with 3 to 15 per centum of other proteinaceous flours ( Fellers and Bean, 1988 ) . It was besides observed that the usage of composite flours is a much better tool to utilize in biscuits than in staff of lifes due to their ready to eat signifier, broad ingestion, longer shelf life and good feeding quality ( Tsen et al. , 2006 ) . Several efforts have been carried out to fix protein enriched cookies by utilizing different beginnings of protein. In an experiment, defatted wheat source ( DFWG ) flour was used for the readying of protein enriched cookies and it was estimated that the petroleum protein ( 28.9 per centum ) , rough fiber ( 5.35 per centum ) , ash ( 4.52 per centum ) and mineral content were higher in the cookies prepared from DFWG flour as compared to wheat flour cookies ( Arshad et al. , 2006 ) . Similarly the permutation of pigeon-pea flour up to the degree of 50 per centum in the preparation of biscuits significantly increased the protein and mineral contents ( Harinder et al. , 1999 ) . Due to the incorporation of mustard flour, the protein contents of biscuits were 2.5 times increased coupled with lessening in fat and an addition in fiber content ( Tyagi et al. , 2006 ) . Nutritional features of high protein cookies prepared from defatted soy flour ( 50 % , patent flour footing ) and insignificant butter ( 40 % , patent flour footing ) were examined by different research workers. It was highlighted that the protein and mineral contents were significantly improved in high protein cookies than those of control ( Ranhotra et al. , 1980 ) . Another effort was proved to be successful for the fabrication of protein enriched biscuits made from land linseed. It was observed that the protein contents increased from 6.50 per centum to 8.52 per centum, fat contents increased from 26.13 per centum to 31.45 per centum, fiber contents elevated from 0.15 per centum to 3.78 per centum and ash contents were besides increased from 0.26 per centum to 1.00 per centum ( Nisa, 2000 ) . Similarly, the public presentation of soya bean and maize flour blends with their functional properties, were evaluated for the production of high protein cookies. In that survey it was concluded that the degree of foods increased with the addition of soybean flour in the blends. The protein contents of the composite flour cookies increased from 10.2 per centum in the 100 per centum corn cookies to 28.3 per centum for the 60 per centum soya bean permutation ( Akubor and Onimawo, 2003 ) . Similarly the supplementation of soy and kinema flours into heterosexual graded flour was carried out for the production of cookies. It was described that the protein contents were more than 17 per centum than those of control ( Shrestha and Noomhorm, 2002 ) . Assorted research workers replaced wheat flour ( WHF ) with defatted fluted Cucurbita pepo ( Telfairia occidentalis Hook ) seed flour ( FPF ) at degrees of 0 to 25 per centum which significantly affected the chemical, physical, centripetal and nutritionary belongingss of cookies. There was an addition of 84.6 per centum in petroleum protein, 62.9 per centum in Ca, 131.0 per centum in K and 61.6 per centum in phosphorus contents of composite cookies ( Giami et al. , 2005 ) . When the cookies made from the blends incorporating different proportions ( 0 % , 5 % , 10 % , 15 % and 20 % ) of natural, besotted and germinated Greek clover seed flour were evaluated it was found that the add-on of natural, besotted and germinated Greek clover flour to wheat flour increased the contents of protein ( 10.5 % , 10.4 % and 11.0 % ) , lysine ( 2.15, 2.20 and 2.25 g/100 g protein ) , dietetic fiber ( 12.7 % , 11.3 % and 10.9 % ) , entire Ca ( 58.3, 57.1 and 57.7 mg/100 g ) and entire Fe ( 7.40, 7.26 and 7.36 mg/100 g ) at 10 percent degree of permutation ( Hooda and Jood, 2005 ) . Enrichment of protein in cookies can besides be done by utilizing stabilised rice bran up to 30 per centum degree of replacing. This pattern can besides heighten protein efficiency ratio. A consumer trial showed 100 per centum acceptableness of rice bran protein enriched cookies among the kids holding ages 4 to 7 old ages ( Sangronis and Sancio, 1990 ) . Similarly the high protein biscuits were prepared from rice bran and flours. Probe of that protein enriched cookies revealed that the protein contents were increased from 6 per centum to 9 per centum as compared to 100 per centum wheat flour cookies ( James et al. , 2007 ) .Significance of Gram and its flourGram ( Cicer arietinum L. ) is one of the most of import leguminous plants, cultivated in Pakistan. It ranks foremost on the footing of whole grain production ( FAO, 2000 ) . Gram or garbanzo, as a whole grain, and its flour are considered as the basic nutrient over the big portion of the universe but still its possible wellness b enefits are hidden and it is non every bit much utilized as it could be ( Amjad et al. , 2006 ; Catherine et al. , 2010 ) . Gram has been used for fixing a assortment of traditional and cultural nutrient points ( Geervani, 1991 ) , and besides as a important ingredient in bakeshop merchandises, imitation milk, infant nutrients preparations and meat merchandises ( Hung and Nithian-andan, 1993 ) . In the signifier of ‘dhal ‘ , gm is identified as a critical beginning of protein in Pakistan, India and Middle East. Gram flour is assorted with wheat flour to bake ‘basini roti ‘ that is unraised staff of life normally consumed by diabetic patients particularly in the rural countries of Sub continent Indo-Pak. An epidemiological study revealed that people of low socio-economic position using gm as a major ingredient of their diet, had comparatively low incidence of cardio-vascular diseases ( Raza, 2003 ) . Undoubtedly many surveies give us an thought about the nutritionary value of gm as it contains 17.1 per centum to 23.4 per centum protein, 4.2 per centum to 5.3 per centum fat, 2.0 per centum to 3.0 per centum minerals and besides 1507 kJ nutrient energy. The parallel values after gm are 20.8 per centum, 5.6 per centum, 2.7 per centum and 1557 kJ, severally ( Hulse, 1991 ; Gopalan et al. , 1993 ) . Furthermore, the merchandises of gm contained 21.1 per centum protein, 3.1 per centum fat, 53.4 per centum saccharides, 11.1 per centum fibre and 5.9 per centum ash ( Khan et al. , 1995 ) . In another experiment, it was concluded that gm seed has 38-59 per centum saccharides, 3 per centum petroleum fibre, 4.8-5.5 per centum oil, 3 per centum ash, 0.2 per centum Ca and 0.3 per centum phosphoric. Digestibility of protein varied from 76-78 per centum and for saccharides from 57-60 per centum ( Huisman and Van der Poel, 1994 ) . Composite flour prepared by blending gram flour with wheat flour at 10, 15 and 20 per centum degree of replacing influenced the N keeping and digestibleness. Growth rate was besides increased with higher proportions of gram flour ( Kausar, 1976 ; Firdous et al. , 1977 ) Harmonizing to a scientific research, it is observed that garbanzo rich diet brings about many good alterations in nutrient picks and alimentary consumption. It was reported that the ingestion of 140 g/day cooked garbanzos and its flour based nutrients for six hebdomads resulted in a important addition in proteins degree and dietetic fibres consumption and besides lessening in concentrated fatty acids and cholesterin consumption in healthy middle-aged voluntaries ( Nestel et al. , 2006 ; Riccardi et al. , 2004 ; Yao and Roberts, 2001 ) .Cookies Prepared by utilizing Gram flourGrain leguminous plants and pulsations like gm contribute significantly towards nutritionary sweetening of nutrient merchandises and therefore carry throughing the balanced dietetic demands of people in developing and under developed states. Fortification of wheat flour with cheap basics, such as cereals and pulsations, helps in bettering the nutritionary quality of wheat merchandises ( Sharma et al. , 1999 ) . Gram flour is considered to be a good beginning of protein in the nutrient industry because of its big measure and high quality and easiness in treating to obtain protein enriched merchandises ( Rincon et al. , 1998 ) but the information on the munition of gram flour for cookies readying is instead bare. When the protein enriched biscuits were prepared from composite flours of wheat and different gm flours, it was noticed that the protein contents of biscuits were amplified as the degree of the gm flours increased ( Singh et al. , 1991 ) . Gram and mung bean flours are considered most advantageous for readying of protein fortified biscuits. These flours can be added in cooky preparation at different degrees of replacing. Supplement of garbanzos flour can increasingly increase the protein contents of biscuits. When the protein enriched biscuits were manufactured by utilizing chickpeas flours, the protein contents of biscuits were raised up to 21.83 g/100g as compared to wheat flour ( El-Nahas, 2008 ) . In a survey the physicochemical and centripetal belongingss of bastioned biscuits were evaluated and the biscuits were prepared by replacing wheat flour with specified concentrations ( 3 % , 6 % , 9 % , and 12 % ) of wide bean, gm and stray soy protein ( 3 % , 6 % , and 9 % ) . During proximate chemical analysis it was observed that munition increased protein contents from 16.57 per centum to 22.84 per centum. Acceptability survey showed that the supplementation of garbanzo and wide bean flour every bit good as isolated soy protein could be used in production of high-protein biscuits ( Rababah et al. , 2006 ) . Addition of 18 per centum gm flours to wheat flour biscuits increased the protein content from 10 per centum in market biscuits to 13 per centum in supplemented samples. Chickpea biscuits recorded best penchant among panellists and were significantly better than the other bastioned cookies ( El-Hag et al. , 2001 ) . In another experiment cookies were made by the replacing of wheat flour to 10, 20, 25 and 30 per centum by weight with gram/chick pea, mung bean or pigeon pea flours. Consequences of survey manifested that the best recognized cookies were those prepared from wheat flour incorporating 10 per centum of gram flour or 20 per centum of mung bean flour or 10 per centum of pigeon pea flour by weight, and protein content increased up to the degree of 7.45, 8.49 and 7.56 per centum on dry weight footing, severally ( Somchai et al. , 1998 ) . Biscuits supplemented with gram flour were prepared by blending gram flour at 5, 10 and 15 per centum degree of munition with wheat flour. It was reported that the nutritionary, rheological and centripetal properties of biscuits were improved at 10 percent degree of supplementation ( Nefisa et al. , 2006 ) . In another survey gram flour was assorted with wheat flour at a 15 to 25 per centum ( w/w ) replacing degree for doing supplemented cookies. From proximate analysis of cookies, it was concluded that gram flour was found suited for fixing dark-coloured cookies to enrich their protein and fibre contents ( Tsen et al. , 2006 ) .Biological Evaluation of CookiesNutritional and biological analysis of protein enriched cookies are performed to prove out bioavailability of proteins, biological value, net protein use ( NPU ) and protein efficiency ratio ( PER ) . These parametric quantities are normally checked by giving prescribed diet to prove animate beings like rats, mice and hogs etc. High protein biscuits were biological assayed by different research workers and interpreted that the add-on of 20 per centum defatted soy flour into biscuits recipe increased the digestibleness values from 68 per centum to 84 per centum as compared to command wheat flour based biscuits. The PER of soy flour cookies ( 1.4 ) had besides elevated to great extent ( Singh et al. , 2000 ) . In another experiment, the alimentary bastioned cookies were prepared by utilizing green gm pigeon pea flour. By analysing protein digestiblenesss on rats, it was revealed that the bastioned cookies showed significantly higher values than control diets ( Devi et al. , 2000 ) . Consequence of combinations of leguminous plant and millet flours on net protein use, biological value and true digestibleness was evaluated by utilizing albino Sprague-Dawley rats. It was reported that sorghum and gm combination had higher digestibleness. It was besides noticed that the rats fed upon gram-sorghum biscuits gained more weight than the others and had significantly higher biological values ( Geervani et al. , 1996 ) .AssortedGram flours are besides being used in the fabrication of bakeshop merchandises other than cookies for the intent of protein enrichment. During a recent survey the ability of garbanzo flour to enrich pasta merchandises ( e.g. lasagna ) was checked and found that the entire protein contents increased along with the degree of munition ( Sabanis et al. , 2006 ) . During surveies on the betterment of functional and baking belongingss of wheat-chickpea flour blends with add-on of gluten ( 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 per centum ) and sodium steroyl-lactylate ( SSL ) 0.5 per centum showed that garbanzo flour up to the degree of 10 per centum supplementation non merely better the functional and baking belongingss of dough but besides the over all protein contents of bakeshop merchandises increased ( Narpinder et al. , 2007 ) . In another experiment garbanzo flour ( CPF ) was used as addendum in the readying of bars. While detecting the quality attributes of bed and sponge bars, it was concluded that the add-on of garbanzo flour even at 100 percent degree of replacing with wheat flour for bar production is applicable. However, 20 to 50 per centum degree of CPF produces better consequences ( Gomez et al. , 2008 ) . Similarly staff of lifes were besides prepared from wheat flour supplemented with 0, 10, 20 and 30 per centum ungerminated or germinated gram flour to find different quality features of staff of life. It was examined the bastioned staff of lifes did non differ significantly, but the loaf fortified with 10 per centum germinated gram flour did non compare positively with the control ( Maria and Berry, 1989 ) . Gram flour is besides used for fabrication of extruded merchandises. Like in a survey, engineers successfully made usage of gm flour for the readying of nutritionally enhanced spaghetti. It was concluded that Gram flour-fortii ¬?ed spaghetti was extremely acceptable to consumers and had sensible pasta quality, lower cookery loss and less stickiness than the control spaghetti and besides retained better texture than hard wheat after infrigidation ( Wood, 2009 ) . It is apparent from old literature that the enrichment of protein in bakeshop merchandises has been a phenomenal exercising for research workers. Protein contents in cookies are being improved by using assorted works beginnings particularly grain leguminous plants and pulsations. Among these gms flour is proved more suited than other possible protein beginnings for replacing with wheat flour in bakeshop goods, due to its easy handiness, low cost, more good wellness chances and good pleasant gustatory sensation.Chapter 3MATERIALS AND METHODSThe proposed research was carried out at National Agricultural Research Centre ( NARC ) , Islamabad and in the Department of Food Technology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi and partly at National Institute of Health ( N.I.H ) , Islamabad.PROCUREMENT OF RAW MATERIALSThe natural stuff like consecutive grade flour, gram flour, hydrogenated vegetable fat and all the other ingredients for the readying of cookies were purchased from the loc al market.Preparation OF GRAM AND STRAIGHT GRADE FLOURS BLENDSTreatments under StudyThe gm flour was assorted with consecutive grade flour at different degrees, for the readying of cookies as given in table 3.1.Preparation OF COOKIESThe cookies with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 per centum supplementation degree of gram flour was prepared harmonizing to the AACC ( 2000 ) method No.10-50D with little alterations. The formula used for doing cookies is shown in table 3.2.Table 3.1: Percentage composing of Composite flours ( Straight rate flour + Gram flour )Treatments Straight grade flour ( % ) Gram flour ( % ) T0 100 0 T1 90 10 T2 80 20 T3 70 30 T4 60 40 T5 50 50Table 3.2 Recipe used for cookies readyingIngredientsWeightFlour/ composite flour100 gSugar45 gHydrogenated vegetable ghee50 gDextrose solution4.5 milliliterBeaten egg12.5 milliliterBaking pulverization1.0 gChemical AND NUTRITIONAL ANALYSISProximate Analysis of Straight Grade Flour, Gram Flour, Composite Flours and CookiesStraight Grade Flour, Gram Flour and Composite Flours were analyzed for their proximate composing harmonizing to their several methods described in AACC ( 2000 ) . Gram flour supplemented cookies and wheat flour cookies were analyzed for wet content, petroleum protein, petroleum fat, petroleum fibre and mineral contents harmonizing to their several methods as described in AACC ( 2000 ) with little alterations where necessary.Moisture contentThe wet content of each sample was determined by drying 2 g sample in a hot air oven at a temperature of 130 A ± 2 A °C boulder clay to a changeless weight harmonizing to AACC ( 2000 ) Method No. 44-19. The wet was calculat ed by the undermentioned expression: Wt. of wet ( g ) Wt. of sample ( g ) Moisture ( % ) = — — — — – A-100Crude proteinThe petroleum protein content was determined in each sample by Kjeldahl ‘s method as described in AACC ( 2000 ) Method No. 46-10. Sample ( 0.5 g ) was digested with concentrated H2SO4 in the presence of digestion mixture. ( K2SO4, CuSO4, and FeSO4 with 100:10:5 parts severally ) . The digested sample was so filtrated and volume was made to 250 milliliter. The 10 milliliter of diluted sample was distilled with 40 per centum NaOH into 4 per centum boric acid which was so titrated with 0.1 N H2SO4 to illume tap colour terminal point. Vol. of 0.1 N H2SO4 used x 0.0014 x 250 N ( % ) = x 100 Weight of sample x Vol. of diluted sample used Protein ( % ) = Nitrogen ( % ) X 6.25Crude fatThe fat per centum was determined by utilizing crude oil ether as dissolver in Soxhlet setup harmonizing to method described in AACC ( 2000 ) method No. 30-10. Following expression was used to cipher the fat % Wt. of fat ( g ) Wt. of sample ( g ) Fat ( % ) = — — — — – A-100Crude fibreFor finding of petroleum fibre content, the defatted and dried samples ( 2.0 g ) were digested with 1.25 % H2SO4 followed by 1.25 % NaOH solution and filtered as described in AACC ( 2000 ) method No. 32-10.01. The filtered samples were dried in hot air oven. Then dried samples were weighed and placed in muffle furnace at 550-600 A °C for 5-6 hours. The undermentioned expression was used to find the fibre content. Wt. of sample ( g ) Wt. loss on ignition ( g ) Crude Fiber ( % ) = — — — — – A-100AshWt. of ash ( g ) The ash content of each sample was determined by incinerating the dry sample in Muffle furnace at 500-600 EsC for 5 to 6 hours as described in AACC ( 2000 ) method No. 08-01.The following expression was used to cipher the ash content. Wt. of sample ( g ) Ash ( % ) = — — — — – A-100Nitrogen free infusionNitrogen free infusion was determined by utilizing the undermentioned expression: NFE ( % ) = 100 – ( wet % + petroleum protein % + petroleum fat % + rough fibre % + ash % )Mineral EstimationMinerals ( Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn ) in cookies were determined by AACC ( 2000 ) Method No. 40-70 by utilizing atomic soaking up spectrophotometer ( Model GBC 932 PLUS, UK ) . The samples were wet digested harmonizing to the method reported by Richard ( 1969 ) before running through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Physical EvaluationPhysical features of cookies ( breadth, thickness and dispersed factor ) were determined harmonizing to AACC ( 2000 ) Method No. 10-53.FARINOGRAPHIC STUDIESThe flour samples were through Brabender farinograph equipped with 50 g bowl capacity to asses the physical dough behaviour of different flour samples harmonizing to AACC ( 2000 ) . The undermentioned parametric quantities were derived from the farinograms:Water AbsorptionThe H2O soaking up capacity of the flour was measured as the sum of H2O required to make the curve at the centre 500 Brabender units ( B.U. ) line of the farinogram. It was straight recorded from the H2O degree in the burette attached with the equipment and expressed as per centum.Dough Development TimeIt is observed as the clip taken by the curve to make the point of maximal dough consistence before the first indicant of weakening.Dough StabilityDough stableness was recorded from the farinogram as the difference in the clip between the point where the top of the curve foremost cross the 500 B.U. line, known as arrival clip and the point where the top of the curve departs from it which is called as going clip.Time to BreakdownIt was noted as the clip from the add-on of H2O until top of the curve declined from the 500 B.U. line.Tolerance IndexThe tolerance index was calculated as the difference between the centres of the curve 5 proceedingss after the extremum. It was besides measured in B.U.Centripetal EVALUATIONCentripetal rating ( coloring material, spirit, gustatory sensation, texture and over all acceptableness ) of cookies was determined harmonizing to the method of Larmond ( 1977 ) .Biological EVALUATION OF BISCUITSThe biological rating of gm based protein enriched biscuits was done at National Institute of Health ( Veterinary Division ) , Islamabad by feeding different diets to immature albino rats ( Sprague-Dawley ) of unvarying age. The rats were purchased from N.I.H. ( Veterinary Division ) , Islamabad. The eating tests ( Table 3.3 ) were conducted harmonizing to the process adopted by Tetens et Al. ( 1995 ) with little accommodations as done by Awan et al. , ( 1995 ) .Experimental ProcedureThirty two immature albino rats were used for the nutritionary rating of the experimental diets. All the diets were kept isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The rats were fed on basal diet for a period of 1 hebdomad and so randomly divided into 8 groups consisting of 4 rats each. All the experimental diets ( Table 3.3 ) were indiscriminately allotted to each group. All the groups wer e fed ad-libitum for a period of 10 yearss. Composite weight of each group of rats was recorded daily with electronic top burden balance. The body waste of each group of rat were besides collected on the separate filter paper sheet. Fresh and clean H2O was provided all the times to each group in separate graduated glass bottles. At the terminal of 10 yearss, the fecal stuff was collected and dried at 105 A °C and stored in polythene bags for nitrogen appraisal. Then the rats were killed by trichloromethane anaesthesia. The organic structure and meat were dried at 105 A °C. After full drying all the stuff was grinded through electric bomber and stored in polythene bags for nitrogen appraisal. The nutritionary parametric quantities like provender ingestion and organic structure weight, protein efficiency ratio, true digestibleness, net protein use and biological value were determined by following the method of Miller and Bender ( 1955 ) .Feed Consumption and Body WeightFeed ingest ion of different groups of rats was measured on day-to-day footing. The weight of each group was besides recorded on day-to-day footing. The record of feed consumption and organic structure weight was maintained.Protein Efficiency Ratio ( P.E.R. )PER of different experimental diets was determined from weight addition and protein consumption informations of rats as described below: Addition in weight Protein intakeP.E.R. = — — — –True Digestibility ( T.D. )True Digestibility was determined as given below: Nitrogen intake – ( Faecal N-Metabolic N ) T.D. = — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ten 100 Nitrogen consumptionNet Protein Utilization ( NPU )The N content of diets, fecal matters and carcase of each group including protein free group were determined by micro kjeldahl ‘s method. The net protein use was determined by the method of Miller and Bender ( 1955 ) as shown below: B-Bk + Ik N.P.U. ( % ) = — — — — — — — — A- 100 I Where B = Body N of trial group Bk = Body N of protein free group I = N consumption of trial group Ik = N consumption of protein free groupBiological ValueIt was calculated by using the undermentioned expression: Net protein use B.V. ( % ) = — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — x 100 True digestiblenessStatistical AnalysisThe information obtained was analyzed by utilizing analysis of discrepancy technique harmonizing to the method of Steel et Al. ( 1997 ) .Table 3.3 Composition of assorted diets incorporating supplemented cookiesIngredients Diets T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Casein ( Tc ) Non-Protein ( Tnp ) Casein––––––6.0–Cookies 87.6 78.0 73.8 66.7 59.9 54.9––Glucose 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Vitamin premix 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Mineral premix 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Corn oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Corn amylum 1.4 11 15.2 22.3 29.1 34.1 83.0 89.0 Entire 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 T0 = Control ( consecutive rate flour cookies ) T1 = 10 % gram flour incorporating cookies T2 = 20 % gram flour incorporating cookies T3 = 30 % gram flour incorporating cookies T4 = 40 % gram flour incorporating cookies T5 = 50 % gram flour incorporating cookies Tc = Casein diet Tnp = Non-protein diet