Thursday, May 21, 2020

Workplace Challenges - 1570 Words

SECTION C: WORKPLACE CHALLENGES 1 Workplace Challenges: A Review of Current Stressors, Anger Management, and the Developement of Coping Techniques Dwayne Adams Metropolitan Community College This paper was prepared for HMRL 1010 5B Human Relationship Skills Spring 2012-13 FORT OMAHA Campus Instructor, Melinda J. Classen, M.S. SECTION C: WORKPLACE CHALLENGES 2 Abstract Many nations and various groups compete and continuously reposition theirselves to gain international†¦show more content†¦Stress Coping Techniques How does one cope with stress in life? How does one respond to life events? Good physical and mental health can be maintained by learning to balance negative stressors agaist stress reduction techniques. Some Personal Stress Reducers in General Are: Proper Rest Proper Support Network of Co-workers, Friends, and Family Prioritizing and Planning Daily Activities Practice of Relaxation Techniques Proper Diet Acceptance of Limitations Although there are far too many factors to adequately discuss in this paper, a review of the various stressors are a worthwhile activity. Candid and honest answers to certain questions can assist in techniques to allieviate stress. â€Å"How have I overcome stress in the past?† †How much of my stress is work related?† â€Å"What characteristics do I tend to have when I am stressed?† How can I impliment stress management strategies in oreder to balance my life?† Currently, I am actively engaged in answering such questions and developing and improving copimg strategies. I have found much success in most circumstances. There exist some stress with respect to the volume of classwork given, but it is much less when compared to the esteem and feelings of self-efficacy gained. My current studies seems the have served as a major reducer of stress. There is however, much room for improvement. SECTION C: WORKPLACEShow MoreRelatedForeign Service Officer For Citizenship And Immigration Canada878 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal affairs. Second, a career in public service requires me to serve as a non-partisan agent and to carry out policies that I may or may not agree with, which can present demoralizing situations throughout the lifetime of my career. Despite these challenges, I am confident that I can use the passion and interest that I possess for the work of a Foreign Service Officer to derive satisfaction in such a career. My interest in a career as a Foreign Service Officer with CIC is rooted in my desire forRead MoreLeadership Challenges in Diversity Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Challenges in Diversity The article, â€Å"Challenges of Leading a Diverse Workforce,† by Janice R.W. Joplin and Catherine Daus, discusses research that suggests six challenging factors when promoting diversity in an organization, along with proposed solutions to those challenges. The six challenges include, the Change of Power Dynamics, Diversity of Opinions, Perceived Lack of Empathy, Tokenism, real and perceived, Participation, and Inertia (Joplin, Daus 1997). The challenges and solutionsRead MoreWorkplace Challenges For Women And Minorities Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Challenges For Women And Minorities - How To Cope With Them? By Rizwan H Dayo | Submitted On November 29, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Rizwan H Dayo Challenges faced byRead MoreEthical Challenges Within The Workplace1119 Words   |  5 PagesEthical challenges happen anywhere in a work place, but managers often deal with ethical issues the most. Managers have to worry about their employee’s actions and also their own. In the business world today, there are more rules and regulations to follow to keep the professionalism. When employees or even the boss go against the rules and regulations set, it could lead to dismissal from the business. In this paper, there will be examples of what the IMA expect from companies. 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As the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics (2004) study reported, large corporations could lose between two and four percent bottom line productivity due to generational differences and miscommunication in the workplace. The sameRead MoreDiscrimination And Diversity : The Challenges And Rewards Of The Workplace Essay1942 Words   |  8 Pages Discrimination and Diversity: The Challenges and Rewards of the Workplace David Kiedis Palm Beach State College â€Æ' Abstract This paper will be one that explores some of the challenges that have made up the workplace. Namely the fact that discrimination of people who are considered different than others in the workplace has been commonplace since the dawn of our great nation. By contrasting discrimination with how diversity can be extremely rewarding for businesses and the employees,

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Aristotle The Good Life - 1708 Words

Aristotle: The Good Life Aristotle along with Plato and Socrates are three of the first and arguably the most important philosophers when it comes to modern day philosophy and ethics. Aristotle’s work extended beyond ethics and philosophy into scientific thought where he was a very important figure in that field as well. One of Aristotle’s greatest works was the Nicomachean Ethics. In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores how people should live and concentrates on the individual’s ethical responsibilities. He outlines many different ideas and angles of what he considers the good life. These include the meaning of â€Å"The Good†, Virtues and Friendship. Aristotle was born around 834 B.C. in the town of Stagira in Thrace. He was the son of a physician named Nicomachus. Aristotles’s father died when he was still a child after which he was looked after by Proxenus of Atarneus. At the age of 18 he enrolled in Plato’s Academy. Here he studied under Plato’s tutelage for twenty years up until Plato’s death in 348 B.C. Aristotle’s time at the Plato Academy would have a profound impact on his early work and would be the basis for many of his written pieces. Some years after he was invited by Philip of Macedon to be the tutor of his son Alexander who would later become known as Alexander the great. After his tutoring of Alexander ended he devoted his life to developing a school called the Lyceum. The Lyceum was devoted to the study of nearly every realm of knowledge. Twelve years afterShow MoreRelatedAristotle Is A Good Life?1211 Words   |  5 Pages Aristotle is one of the most studied philosophers of all time and his works are widely utilized by academics and non-academics when discussing the common theme, â€Å"what is a good life?† Within many of his works Aristotle has addressed the concept of â€Å"eudaimonia.† Simply defined, eudaimonia is, â€Å"happiness or flourishing.† However, Aristotle defined eudaimonia a little bit differently, he claimed that eudaimonia was reaching one s ultimate human good by living well and completing one’s ultimate goalsRead MoreThe Good Life Defined By Aristotle1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe good life defined by Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics is a feasible goal that all humans should be able to aim for but restrictions make it impossible for all citizens of ancient Greece to achieve it which foreshadows the gender and racial stereotypes that can be seen in our culture today. Aristotle questions this claim by having an inner debate with himself in the process, he c reates many theories, but he clarifies what he determines to be the good life by saying, †Our present discussion doesRead MoreAristotle Think Made A Good Life849 Words   |  4 Pages Aristotle wondered what made a good life. When Aristotle asked others what made their life good, the answer always included happiness. Aristotle wanted to create a way for people to look at their lives and use knowledge to judge what happiness is. Aristotle found that this task was nearly impossible because people have vastly different personalities and view circumstances differently. With the Doctrine of the Mean, Aristotle explains that to achieve happiness, one must create ethical valuesRead MoreAristotle Viewed The Good Life As One In Which One Is Happy1816 Words   |  8 Pages Aristotle viewed the good life as one in which one is happy meaning doing and living well. Human beings can act rationally and have both needs and wants. These needs and wants are fulfilled by acquiring material wealth. Karl Marx defined a commodity in terms of it having a use value and exchange value. In a capitalist society, commodities are produced using human labor for exchange and, this means only products that must value are exchanged to satisfy human wants. â€Å"A commodityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Nicomachean Ethics By Aristotle1667 Words   |  7 PagesEthics, by Aristotle, Aristotle describes various way of living one’s life, the ultimate goal in life, and how to achieve happiness and live the best life. Aristotle describes three different kinds of lives in Nicomachean Ethics. These three lives consists of the life of honor, the life of pleasure, and the life of study. Aristotle, from the first book, insists that the life of study or contemplation is considered to be the best life. He argues that self-sufficiency is required for the life of studyRead MoreAristotles Balance of Eudaimonia880 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle’s balance of Eudaimonia Aristotle, the son of Nicomachus(Aristotle), known as ‘the philosopher, was born in 384 B.C.E, in a small city named Stagira in northern Greece. During his lifetime, he studied variety of subjects and brought knowledge to all aspects (Blackburn). He viewed that as a human, a subject who’s determined goal is to reach virtue and Arà ªte, is connected with nature and its balance (Golden Mean). Aristotle also viewed a good life as political questions. He analyzed thatRead MoreAristotle s Views On God997 Words   |  4 Pagesexpressed their views on how a person should live his/her life. Despite the agreeance that god is the highest being, the conflicting view between philosophers is on the way one should live his/her life of virtue. Through different perspectives, distinguishing good from bad is extremely difficult. Aristotle was not religious, did not think god was compassionate, and did not believe one would meet god himself in the â€Å"life after death†. Aristo tle believed that being virtuous was why one should be moralRead MoreAristotle s Views On Ethics1616 Words   |  7 Pages(intro) Aristotle was a Greek philosopher whose writings have carried on well past his life, and have held an influence across the world, throughout time periods, and are intensely debated to this day. Following his treatise on Ethics, Aristotle turned his attention to Politics, in which he claimed, â€Å"it is evident that the state is a creation of nature, and that man is by nature a political animal;† [1] a bold statement that encompasses the whole of a species. However, Aristotle’s assertion thatRead MoreAristotle and Ethical Egoism818 Words   |  4 Pageswith the opportunity to grow and realize his or her true potential. Aristotle believes that this is something everyone should work to achieve. No one intentionally wants to fail at being a human being and so people do whatever they can to continue to flourish. Aristotle’s philosophy favors ethical egoism because he believes that everything people do is in order to secure their own happiness in the end. According to Aristotle, human’s have two sides, an animal side and a side of reason. If we onlyRead MoreThe Well Being Aristotle And Human Happiness1000 Words   |  4 PagesOur Well-Being: Aristotle and Human Happiness What is the purpose of a human being? â€Å"Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence† (Nicomachean Ethics). When one thinks about happiness, these words said by Aristotle allow us to understand its significance. Through Aristotle’s teachings, he made it clear that the point of life is to be happy. Aristotle uses the word happiness as having to do with a person’s life as a whole, and not as the constant desire

Confucius, Aristotle, Aquinas, And Erasmus - 1713 Words

Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Quintilian, Aquinas, and Erasmus As a Christian educator, it is important to base educational practices on Biblical authority. Christian education should teach students to learn to act like God and to do His work (Graham, 2003). â€Å"True education is to develop knowledge of God and His created reality and to use that knowledge in exercising a creative-redemptive dominion over the world . . . â€Å" (Graham, 2003, p. 57). Being a Christian educator, does not mean that organizational structure and curriculum occur in a vacuum. Educational philosophy and structure have been developing for thousands of years and the wise educational administrator should study and understand the history and ideas that impact the educational landscape of today. Confucius created his educational code 500 years before the birth of Christ (Gutek, 2011). According to Confucius, the purpose of education was to transmit cultural heritage through ritual, tradition, and hierar chy. He originally had a desire to enter into government service, but after traveling throughout China and studying various political institutions and traditions, he returned home and opened a school that combined both his goals of government service and teaching. Confucius believed that government officials needed to be highly educated and prepared to be ethical and benevolent leaders. The purpose of education was â€Å"an ethical theory intended to guide people on the way, or the path, to leading theShow MoreRelatedChapter One : Theoretical Framework Essay6065 Words   |  25 Pagesthe Chinese had also established formal schools. These early teachers emphasized individual character and citizenship. The earliest individual teachers to have a profound, direct effect on learner-centered education were the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551 B.C.-479 B.C.) and the Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 B.C.). Henson (2003) provided an account of several philosophical contributions to the learners’ centered approach throughout history, up from Bacon (1561-1626); for instance, who has

Uses of Job Description Free Essays

Usefulness of Job Description 1. It Helps identify a job, distinguishing it from other jobs by its title. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Uses of Job Description or any similar topic only for you Order Now It serves as a guide in employee recruitment, selection, and placement. 3. It establishes proper relationship between one job and the others within the same salary bracket. 4. It facilitates comparisons with similar jobs in other firms for purposes of wage surveys. 5. It serves as a guide in the organization and administration of a department, division, section, or unit. 6. It helps to form lines of promotion or transfer and to spot employees who need further training. . It contributes to the personal satisfaction of every individual employee with his job. Components of Job Design Job specialization Job expansion Psychological components Self-directed teams Motivation and incentive systems Ergonomics and work methods Job Specialization †¢ Involves o Breaking jobs into small component parts o Assigning specialists to do each part †¢ First noted by Adam Smith (1776) o Observed how workers in pin factory divided tasks into smaller components †¢ Found in manufacturing se rvice industries Job Specialization Often Reduces Cost †¢ Greater dexterity faster learning †¢ Less lost time changing jobs or tools †¢ Use more specialized tools †¢ Pay only for needed skills Job Expansion Process of adding more variety to jobs Intended to reduce boredom associated with labor specialization Methods o Job enlargement o Job enrichment o Job rotation o Employee empowerment Psychological Components of Job Design †¢ Individuals have values, attitudes, and emotions that affect job results o Example: Work is a social experience that affects belonging needs Effective worker behavior comes mostly from within the individual o Scientific management argued for external financial rewards †¢ First examined in ‘Hawthorne studies’ Self-Directed Teams Group of empowered individuals working together for a common goal May be organized for short-term or long-term objectives Reasons for effectiveness o Provide employee empowerment o Provide core job characteri stics o Meet psychological needs (e. g. , belonging) Motivation Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Motivation is the set of forces that compel behavior Money may serve as a psychological financial motivator Incentive systems o Measured daywork: Pay based on standard time o Piece rate: Pay based on pieces done Ergonomics and Work Methods Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Foundation laid by Frederick Taylor o Match employees to task o Develop work methods o Establish work standards Ergonomics Study of work Also called ‘human factors’ Involves human-machine interface Examples o Mouse o Keyboard How to cite Uses of Job Description, Papers

Trade and Sanctions

Questions: 1) What are trade sanctions? How do they fit into broad economic sanctions? 2) Discussion of the theoretical welfare effects on the world, that is, on the countries on which the sanctions are imposed and the sanction-imposing countries 3) Discussion of different arguments, in the literature, on the effectiveness of sanctions in achieving their stated objectives 4) Analysis of two specific trade sanctions by discussing the specific contents of the sanctions, their stated objectives, and their effects on all parties involved, whether the stated objectives were achieved. Answers: Introduction: The competitors in the international trade market have to follow proper rules and regulations stated by the World Trade Organizations. Through some appropriate rules and regulations, countries related to the world trade market end their trade operations. There are several things which are very important to understand before assessing them. Tariff, Quota, Trade sanctions are some significant export duties to be kept in mind before participating in the market (Arnold). This assignment deals with the discussions and issues related to the trade sanctions. The trade sanctions are basically identified as the penalty. It is a kind of penalty that is always imposed by only one country to any one country or too many countries. When one country (or more) is penalized by another country in different reasons, then this penalty is known as Trade sanctions. Trade sanctions are basically imposed to decrease the level of export. Trade sanctions: As introduced before, the trade sanction is a penalty that is imposed by one or more countries on one or more other nations as opined by Doyle (2014). The trade sanctions are of two types which are known as unilateral trade sanctions and multilateral trade sanctions. The unilateral trade sanctions are that penalty which is imposed by only one nation on one or more another nations. The multilateral trade sanctions are identified as the penalties that are imposed by one or more nations on the one or more other nations (Higgins). The relations behind imposing these penalties may or may not related to the trade operations. 1. Trade Sanctions and broad economic sanctions: Shojal Root claim that economic sanctions or broad economic sanctions are those policies which genuinely try to warn the factors which harm or violate the international trade terms (Shojal and Root). As per the viewpoint of the critiques, the sanctions are not sufficient in reaching the goals for what it was made. Stated or non-stated actions in trade world may or may not be controlled with the aid of the economic sanctions. There is some effectiveness which helps in sorting the issues in relation to violent behaviour to some extent. More precisely, the economic sanctions can be explained as the removal or withdrawal financial associations along with the customary trade for some foreign policies and security reasons. It is noticed that over the years, there are many nations who just impose trade sanctions for some very unjustified reasons. For instance, when the import of international goods in industry increases then simultaneously it harms the domestic markets. In such a situation, a country tries to impose excessive tariffs or trade sanction on the import of those goods but it may or may not effects the situation properly (Krugman and Wells). The main loophole of this policy is their over effectiveness. In order to save the domestic market, this policy affects the international trade in a negative way. Economic sanctions are broadly distinguished from the trade sanctions (Bapat and Morgan). However, these things are imposed not only for the welfare purpose in a nation but also for the welfare of the whole world. 2. Welfare effects of Trade sanctions on both parties: Obviously, there are some positive aspects of trade sanctions or barriers with some negative effects to. First of all, it shall be stated that the trade barriers supports a nation hugely to decrease the level of imports. The trade helps and harms both the countries who impose it and whom it being imposed (Higgins). Imposing the trade sanctions harms the country itself. Importing excessive goods is much costlier than producing it or buying it in the domestic markets. Still, some nations import products for several purposes like quality, quantity, availability etc. If it is noticed minutely, then it can be assessed that excessive imports ultimately harms the domestic markets and imbalances the trade of the economy (Hubbard and O'Brien). Tariffs or Quota are some trade barriers which help the domestic markets to be flourished. The effects of imposing various protectionisms such as tariff, quota and embargo etc. basically increase the level of domestic production and hence economic growth comes following this factor. Moreover, the price of the goods in the domestic market will increase because people now do not have enough options (Jha). For instance, foreign companies like the US outsource their job opportunities to the underdeveloped or developing the country by establishing their subsidiaries in those markets. It basically harms the domestic job market because they pay package is much fairer than the domestic companies. So naturally people like to work for them instead of working in the domestic markets. Implementing protectionism solves this problem too (Drenzer). However, there is the darker side of the factors to which affects the trade market intensively. As a result of a decrease in imports, the country suffers from the insufficient stock of goods. Geographical aspects assess that every nation has some competitive advantage in several industries like agricultures, manufacturing or on minerals (Drenzer). If a country cannot min sufficient gold from itself then it has to import raw gold to meet the demand of the country. Now imposing trade sanctions barriers to this factor and hence the gold price in the domestic market increases. It is very harmful to the food industry because food materials are segregated as necessities. Increasing prices of food materials can cause starvation, poverty and malnutrition (Jordi). Hence it degrades not only economic growth of the nation who imposes tariff but also degrades the standard of living. It is very general that imposing a tax on the country who is exporting, harm the business or industry of that country. Along with that, it increases the stockpile of the goods in the country who is exporting. With some certain assumptions in the viewpoint of the demand and supply theory, it can be stated that this factor increases the price of those goods (Welch and Welch). It is surveyed that the United States has imposed sanctions for 60 times in previous three years for at least 35 different countries in the world. It is affecting the 42% of the world economy. The world export has been facing severe loss of 20 billion dollars up to the present era. As stated U.S became successful in saving the domestic market to some extent but affecting the world market which indirectly negatively impacted the U.S. itself (Krugman and Wells). 3. Effectiveness of sanctions to achieve their goals: The literature claims that the sanctions are harmful and helpful for the both the parties. Sanctions were made to save unjustified behaviours of the nation towards other countries. It was become effective initially but history proves that it becomes intolerable day by day. The sanctions that the US had implemented for 60 times in different nations became effective initially but in the long run, the country starts facing the problem of serious starvation and poverty (Leijonhufvud). The case of US tax imposition on the Iran from 1991, Soviet Union was get banned by U.S through embargo in 1980 and many more cases concludes four key results. First one says that Sanctions do not work frequently, it is very rare when sanction works. Secondly, the unilateral sanctions are not sufficient in affecting their country or in reaching their goals. The worse effect was received by America was on their trade sector. Moreover, U.S. has faced severe damage on their reputation as a supplier. The U.S. before was identified as one of the reliable material suppliers in the trade market but after all these incidents its reputation was harmed (Wetzstein). However, as per the opinion of Drenzer, all of this critical points have some flaws too. It is observed that the Sanctions work more prominently on allies instead of working on adversaries. It has been surveyed that the there is a major reason exist behind the sanctions failure. One of them is the way that a country imposes it, i.e. half-heartedly (Poon). It is always not that the sanctions do not work. Comprehensive research claims that during 1914 to 1990, more than 116 sanctions were imposed. The result states those sanctions were successful for the third time, were partially achievable at the third time and again for the third time it became ineffective (Terra). This study on the America clearly depicts that the motive for which the sanctions were developed got almost unfulfilled. It was seen that failure rate of that sanctions is more than its success rate. This is probably because the way it works or the way it is imposed. If the pattern of imposing sanctions or barriers can be changed then it might work much effectively. In general, the trade sanctions become a burden for some country. Some scholars have stated that the comprehensive types of sanctions are more often prove that they are ineffective and bring failure. Oskaran (2012), has argued that the success of sanctions depends on upon its goal. It happens that the sanctions were made for some purpose and the purpose has been changed in due courses. Obviously, the sanctions got failed which had happened in the case or Iran, Iraq and Libya (Oskarsson). Parker (2000), supports him by stating that generalizing one or more cases and concluding based on the case study result are always not fruitful. An in-depth analysis is always needed to check things properly before analysing them (Parker). 4. Two Specific sanctions: There are numerous numbers of sanctions are present among which two have been stated here in an informative way. 1. United States Embargos: United States embargos are pretty famous in the world of trade sanctions. This embargo was imposed by the United States government to one or more country on one or more goods for different reasons. The United States Embargo includes several rules and regulations or tax imposition on different goods. According to this embargos, the United States has imposed import barrier on arm related goods, financial restrictions, on the economic assistance during the civil war. Also, this sanction resists the dual use exports (Walker). During the Civil War, United Sates banned the export of farm related goods in order to stronger their own power of weapons. They wanted to make them stronger. It was needed huge financial funds and economic support. If U.S. provides financial supports or economic assistance to other than it will make them weaker. So they stop providing financial assistance to their enemy countries. The main objective for which the whole thing was designed to get the victory. All was designed to get the supreme power. Exporting goods from Iran, Sudan, Myanmar, Sudan, and Syria had been banned by the America. The objective was not fully met but yes, it had affected those countries hugely. Iran was initially started to suffer from losses but after it stronger its nuclear power, the sanctions become meaningless. Sanctions against North Korea were justified and it became successful in prohibiting the abuse of human rights by the country. Myanmar being a poor country was stopped receiving financial help from other countries. The embargo was imposed on Syria because it was identified as the terrorist zone. The mechanism of the embargo has improved the standard of living in the country (Oskarsson). 2. Cuba Sanctions: U.S. and Cuba hold very diplomatic associations between themselves. The U.S. maintains a strict economic embargo against Cuba regarding the trade between them. It was implemented in against of certain actions help by the Cuban government. The Certain regulation was implemented which are remain in place even in today. All were implemented to save Cuban Assets also and with the help of the U.S. government, it became successful. The other objective behind this Cuba Sanction was to keep trade peace between this two countries which was very important (Terra). Conclusion: The above discussion clearly states that the sanctions are effective but not for all time. It also can be analysed that there are fewer situations where sanctions became effectively handle the situations. Trade restrictions or sanctions are always helpful to save the domestic market but sometimes it hurts the world economy to the next level. Some evidence has been analysed here and an ingesting fact is revealed. The way people judge whether a sanction is successful or not can be all wrong. If the reasons for what sanctions were made, become changed then sanctions can never be successful. So, research or analysis should be done in an appropriate way too. References: Arnold, R. Macroeconomics. London: Cengage Learning, (2008). Bapat, Navin A. and Morgan, T. "Multilateral versus unilateral sanctions reconsidered: A test using new data." International Studies Quarterly (2009): 1075-1094. 53.4. Doyle, J. "How Prospects for Global Economic Growth influence Indian Foreign Policy." Strategy Leadership (2014): 42.2. Drenzer, D. "The hidden hand of economic coercion." International Organization, (2003): 643-659. 57.03. Higgins, K. Economic Growth, and Sustainability: Systems Thinking for a Complex World. Academic Press: Cambridge, (2014). Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Boston: Pearson (2013). Jha, R. Contemporary Macroeconomic Theory and Policy. Kolkata: New Age International, (2008). Jordi, G. Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework and Its Applications. Princeton: Princeton University Press, (2015). Krugman, P. and Wells, R. Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers, (2013). Leijonhufvud, A. Macroeconomic Instability, and Coordination: Selected Essays of Axel Leijonhufvud. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, (2000). Oskarsson, K. "Economic sanctions on authoritarian states: Lessons learned." Middle East Policy, (2012): 88-102. 19.4. Parker, W. "The problem with scorecards: How (and how not) to measure the cost-effectiveness." Michigan Journal of International Law, (2000): 235-294. 21. Poon, D. Economic and Trade Information on Hong Kong. (2016). 09 06 2016. https://hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Market-Environment/Economic-and-Trade-Information-on-Hong-Kong/etihk/en/1/1X000000/1X09OVUL.htm. Shojal, S. and P. Root. "Effectiveness Of Economic Sanctions:Empirical Research Revisited." International Business Economics Research Journal, (2013): 1479-1490. 12.11. Terra, C. Principles of International Finance and Open Economy Macroeconomics: Theories, Applications, and Policies. Cambridge: Academic Press, 2015. Walker, A. "The UK and the EU: Trade and economy." 31 05 2016. 31 05 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-35757324. Welch, P. and G. Welch. Economics: Theory and Practice. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, (2009). Wetzstein, M. Microeconomic Theory: Concepts and Connections. Abington: Routledge, (2013).